Dietary Micronutrient and Mineral Intake in the Mediterranean Healthy Eating, Ageing, and Lifestyle (MEAL) Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design and Population
2.2. Data Collection and Dietary Assessment
2.3. Adherence to Dietary Recommendations
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Total | <20 years | 20–50 | 50–70 | >70 years | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n | Mean (SE) | Median (Range) | n | Mean (SE) | Median (Range) | n | Mean (SE) | Median (Range) | n | Mean (SE) | Median (Range) | n | Mean (SE) | Median (Range) | |
Vitamin A | |||||||||||||||
Total | 1838 | 868.72 (10.00) | 776.04 (152.21, 4949.53) | 53 | 930.31 (65.40) | 842.47 (256.18, 2743.98) | 963 | 873.19 (14.84) | 770.37 (152.21, 4949.53) | 597 | 873.40 (16.15) | 785.75 (192.61, 2832.82) | 225 | 822.69 (23.56) | 759.64 (194.54, 2886.16) |
Men | 772 | 887.26 (16.22) | 791.16 (172.82, 4949.53) | 30 | 959.30 (61.61) | 873.31 (417.78, 1772.20) | 384 | 885.03 (25.90) | 757.77 (172.82, 4949.53) | 265 | 879.78 (24.49) | 796.64 (231.20, 2331.72) | 93 | 894.57 (38.26) | 859.58 (353.52, 2263.34) |
Women | 1066 | 855.30 (12.60) | 768.46 (152.21, 3211.70) | 23 | 892.51 (129.05) | 714.87 (256.18, 2743.98) | 579 | 865.34 (17.74) | 778.92 (152.21, 3211.70) | 332 | 868.31 (21.50) | 780.27 (192.61, 2832.82) | 132 | 772.05 (29.09) * | 722.17 (194.54, 2886.16) |
Vitamin B1 | |||||||||||||||
Total | 1838 | 1.77 (0.02) | 1.61 (0.41, 8.79) | 53 | 1.91 (0.10) | 1.81 (0.93, 4.05) | 963 | 1.80 (0.03) | 1.63 (0.41, 8.79) | 597 | 1.75 (0.03) | 1.59 (0.42, 6.11) | 225 | 1.63 (0.04) † | 1.52 (0.41, 4.50) |
Men | 772 | 1.82 (0.03) | 1.63 (0.53, 8.79) | 30 | 2.09 (0.12) | 2.12 (1.03, 3.70) | 384 | 1.87 (0.05) | 1.65 (0.64, 8.79) | 265 | 1.76 (0.05) | 1.58 (0.53, 5.75) | 93 | 1.69 (0.07) | 1.54 (0.62, 4.50) |
Women | 1066 | 1.73 (0.02) * | 1.59 (0.41, 6.11) | 23 | 1.67 (0.15) * | 1.48 (0.93, 4.05) | 579 | 1.75 (0.03) * | 1.61 (0.41, 5.74) | 332 | 1.75 (0.04) | 1.60 (0.42, 6.11) | 132 | 1.59 (0.05) | 1.49 (0.41, 4.42) |
Vitamin B2 | |||||||||||||||
Total | 1838 | 2.24 (0.02) | 2.06 (0.48, 10.44) | 53 | 2.36 (0.12) | 2.16 (0.97, 5.00) | 963 | 2.27 (0.03) | 2.08 (0.48, 10.44) | 597 | 2.23 (0.04) | 2.03 (0.48, 7.28) | 225 | 2.14 (0.05) | 2.00 (0.48, 5.12) |
Men | 772 | 2.29 (0.04) | 2.05 (0.87, 10.44) | 30 | 2.55 (0.14) | 2.39 (1.29, 4.73) | 384 | 2.33 (0.06) | 2.08 (0.96, 10.44) | 265 | 2.22 (0.06) | 1.99 (0.87, 7.05) | 93 | 2.19 (0.08) | 2.10 (0.94, 5.12) |
Women | 1066 | 2.21 (0.03) | 2.06 (0.48, 7.28) | 23 | 2.11 (0.19) | 1.99 (0.97, 5.00) | 579 | 2.22 (0.04) | 2.08 (0.48, 6.57) | 332 | 2.24 (0.05) | 2.06 (0.48, 7.28) | 132 | 2.10 (0.06) | 1.99 (0.48, 4.98) |
Vitamin B3 | |||||||||||||||
Total | 1838 | 21.96 (0.19) | 20.78 (4.13, 78.42) | 53 | 20.90 (0.80) | 19.94 (4.13, 38.57) | 963 | 22.00 (0.27) | 20.68 (7.44, 71.83) | 597 | 22.32 (0.34) | 21.22 (6.99, 78.42) | 225 | 21.11 (0.40) | 20.40 (8.18, 45.74) |
Men | 772 | 22.28 (0.31) | 20.81 (4.13, 78.42) | 30 | 21.21 (1.05) | 21.16 (4.13, 32.47) | 384 | 22.32 (0.46) | 20.61 (8.23, 71.83) | 265 | 22.67 (0.58) | 21.07 (6.99, 78.42) | 93 | 21.38 (0.62) | 20.84 (9.81, 45.74) |
Women | 1066 | 21.73 (0.23) | 20.77 (7.20, 65.67) | 23 | 20.49 (1.24) | 19.09 (14.28, 38.57) | 579 | 21.79 (0.33) | 20.68 (7.44, 65.67) | 332 | 22.04 (0.39) | 21.42 (7.20, 50.48) | 132 | 20.93 (0.53) | 20.16 (8.18, 39.88) |
Vitamin B6 | |||||||||||||||
Total | 1838 | 2.55 (0.02) | 2.43 (0.43, 8.46) | 53 | 2.63 (0.12) | 2.52 (0.43, 5.36) | 963 | 2.55 (0.03) | 2.39 (1.04, 8.46) | 597 | 2.57 (0.04) | 2.46 (0.84, 7.19) | 225 | 2.49 (0.05) | 2.40 (1.07, 4.76) |
Men | 772 | 2.60 (0.03) | 2.46 (0.43, 8.46) | 30 | 2.75 (0.16) | 2.57 (0.43, 4.95) | 384 | 2.59 (0.05) | 2.42 (1.08, 8.46) | 265 | 2.61 (0.06) | 2.48 (1.03, 7.19) | 93 | 2.61 (0.08) | 2.52 (1.29, 4.76) |
Women | 1066 | 2.51 (0.03) * | 2.40 (0.84, 6.52) | 23 | 2.48 (0.19) | 2.29 (1.35, 5.36) | 579 | 2.52 (0.04) | 2.37 (1.04, 6.52) | 332 | 2.54 (0.04) | 2.46 (0.84, 5.10) | 132 | 2.41 (0.06) * | 2.36 (1.07, 4.41) |
Vitamin B9 | |||||||||||||||
Total | 1838 | 391.50 (3.86) | 366.83 (61.31, 2535.14) | 53 | 390.56 (20.41) | 364.10 (61.31, 808.99) | 963 | 395.44 (5.88) | 363.44 (83.83, 2535,14) | 597 | 388.86 (6.13) | 374.15 (88.26, 1471.10) | 225 | 381.84 (8.59) | 369.55 (100.34, 829.71) |
Men | 772 | 401.17 (6.48) | 370.70 (61.31, 2535.14) | 30 | 409.11 (25.12) | 406.79 (61.31, 745.20, 366.25) | 384 | 402.70 (10.23) | 370.06 (142.01, 2535.14) | 265 | 398.02 (10.33) | 363.36 (111.22, 1471.10) | 93 | 401.23 (13.68) | 378.32 (202.42, 810.86) |
Women | 1066 | 384.49 (4.71) * | 364.69 (83.83, 1378.24) | 23 | 366.35 (33.72) | 319.99 (137.33, 808.99) | 579 | 390.62 (7.05) | 356.29 (83.83, 1378.24) | 332 | 381.54 (7.31) | 376.80 (88.26, 925.62) | 132 | 368.17 (10.91) | 357.82 (100.34, 829.71) |
Vitamin B12 | |||||||||||||||
Total | 1838 | 6.18 (0.10) | 5.50 (0.57, 120.52) | 53 | 6.40 (0.37) | 6.15 (2.33, 14.92) | 963 | 6.23 (0.17) | 5.36 (0.57, 120.52) | 597 | 6.17 (0.14) | 5.58 (1.59, 36.02) | 225 | 5.92 (0.18) | 5.53 (1.24, 19.68) |
Men | 772 | 6.45 (0.21) | 5.56 (1.24, 120.52) | 30 | 6.48 (0.53) | 5.88 (2.33, 14.92) | 384 | 6.47 (0.37) | 5.29 (2.00, 120.52) | 265 | 6.54 (0.26) | 5.80 (1.62, 36.02) | 93 | 6.15 (0.29) | 5.69 (1.24, 19.68) |
Women | 1066 | 5.98 (0.10) * | 5.40 (0.57, 31.75) | 23 | 6.29 (0.53) | 6.33 (2.92, 12.07) | 579 | 6.08 (0.14) | 5.47 (0.57, 31.75) | 332 | 5.87 (0.15) * | 5.30 (1.59, 16.52) | 132 | 5.76 (0.22) | 5.41 (1.50, 14.60) |
Vitamin C | |||||||||||||||
Total | 1838 | 158.09 (2.29) | 132.65 (5.29, 1097.80) | 53 | 151.40 (9.94) | 139.84 (20.96, 308.49) | 963 | 162.11 (3.53) | 132.63 (5.29, 1097.80) | 597 | 158.22 (3.62) | 134.94 (6.09, 569.98) | 225 | 142.15 (4.67) † | 125.81 (17.67, 378.71) |
Men | 772 | 164.10 (3.78) | 135.84 (12.73, 1097.80) | 30 | 167.32 (13.70) | 166.42 (20.96, 308.49) | 384 | 165.47 (6.12) | 131.28 (24.88, 1097.80) | 265 | 163.82 (5.76) | 136.48 (12.73, 569.98) | 93 | 158.16 (7.62) | 141.57 (47.61, 366.63) |
Women | 1066 | 153.74 (2.83) * | 129.83 (5.29, 700.31) | 23 | 130.62 (13.46) | 107.79 (44.12, 297.64) | 579 | 159.88 (4.25) | 134.02 (5.29, 700.31) | 332 | 153.74 (4.59) | 132.82 (6.09, 500.62) | 132 | 130.87 (5.70) * | 120.41 (17.67,378.71) |
Vitamin D | |||||||||||||||
Total | 1838 | 5.16 (0.10) | 3.93 (0.20, 56.42) | 53 | 5.47 (0.43) | 4.84 (0.60, 13.64) | 963 | 5.02 (0.15) | 3.78 (0.20, 56.42) | 597 | 5.37 (0.19) | 4.01 (0.56, 45.67) | 225 | 5.09 (0.27) | 4.19 (0.58, 30.24) |
Men | 772 | 5.19 (0.18) | 3.93 (0.56, 56.42) | 30 | 5.11 (0.60) | 4.28 (0.60, 13.64) | 384 | 4.89 (0.25) | 3.72 (0.56, 56.42) | 265 | 5.61 (0.32) | 4.28 (0.56, 45.67) | 93 | 5.30 (0.48) | 4.40 (0.58, 30.24) |
Women | 1066 | 5.13 (0.13) | 3.91 (0.20, 34.12) | 23 | 5.94 (0.62) | 5.62 (2.14, 12.96) | 579 | 5.11 (0.18) | 3.83 (0.20, 34.12) | 332 | 5.19 (0.22) | 3.79 (0.57, 28.71) | 132 | 4.94 (0.32) | 4.15 (0.63, 24.90) |
Vitamin E | |||||||||||||||
Total | 1838 | 8.66 (0.08) | 8.04 (1.47, 31.93) | 53 | 8.86 (0.42) | 8.38 (2.68, 18.44) | 963 | 8.75 (0.11) | 8.02 (1.66, 25.56) | 597 | 8.70 (0.14) | 8.10 (1.47, 31.93) | 225 | 8.07 (0.17) | 7.85 (3.16, 18.36) |
Men | 772 | 8.85 (0.13) | 8.12 (2.68, 31.93) | 30 | 9.38 (0.63) | 8.62 (2.68, 18.44) | 384 | 8.79 (0.19) | 7.77 (3.28, 25.56) | 265 | 9.05 (0.24) | 8.44 (3.17, 31.93) | 93 | 8.35 (0.27) | 8.11 (4.43, 18.36) |
Women | 1066 | 8.51 (0.09) * | 8.03 (1.47, 22.08) | 23 | 8.18 (0.50) | 8.29 (3.72, 15.77) | 579 | 8.72 (0.14) | 8.14 (1.66, 22.08) | 332 | 8.43 (0.16) * | 7.94 (1.47, 18.42) | 132 | 7.87 (0.21) | 7.77 (3.16, 15.32) |
Total | <20 years | 20–50 | 50–70 | >70 years | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n | Mean (SE) | Median (Range) | n | Mean (SE) | Median (Range) | n | Mean (SE) | Median (Range) | n | Mean (SE) | Median (Range) | n | Mean (SE) | Median (Range) | |
Calcium | |||||||||||||||
Total | 1838 | 800.35 (7.76) | 744.24 (169.71, 3109.93) | 53 | 842.68 (44.12) | 784.64 (304.55, 1662.32) | 963 | 801.60 (11.36) | 734.79 (171.97, 3109.93) | 597 | 794.99 (12.61) | 747.21 (169.71, 2294.96) | 225 | 799.28 (20.69) | 773.11 (172.00, 1839.22) |
Men | 772 | 803.27 (12.32) | 736.34 (224.53, 3109.93) | 30 | 900.43 (53.54) | 861.76 (507.68, 1662.32) | 384 | 801.99 (18.92) | 705.14 (245.67, 3109.93) | 265 | 785.15 (19.29) | 733.38 (224.53, 2294.96) | 93 | 828.90 (31.92) | 813.83 (350.52, 1839.22) |
Women | 1066 | 798.23 (9.97) | 753.51 (169.71, 2186.26) | 23 | 767.36 (72.23) | 653.88 (304.55, 1554.25) | 579 | 801.34 (14.14) | 749.32 (171.97, 2186.26) | 332 | 802.84 (16.65) | 767.44 (164.71, 2015.75) | 132 | 778.40 (27.12) | 733.15 (172.00, 1817.71) |
Sodium | |||||||||||||||
Total | 1838 | 2847.07 (25.59) | 2689.04 (737.51, 9469.51) | 53 | 2823.07 (139.92) | 2940.59 (796.60, 5317.25) | 963 | 2910.60 (36.70) | 2774.86 (737.51, 9391.07) | 597 | 2792.70 (45.29) | 2625.90 (834.83, 9469.51) | 225 | 2725.10 (58.25) | 2613.69 (829.26, 5251.12) |
Men | 772 | 2924.44 (41.41) | 2727.70 (796.60, 9469.51) | 30 | 3027.64 (190.91) | 3185.84 (796.60, 5317.25) | 384 | 2970.18 (61.42) | 2779.33 (870.96, 9273.63) | 265 | 2906.64 (71.29) | 2692.50 (903.42, 9469.51) | 93 | 2753.03 (93.36) | 2655.48 (1167.12, 5199.53) |
Women | 1066 | 2791.04 (32.28) | 2661.75 (737.51, 9391.07) | 23 | 2556.23 (195.57) | 2453.54 (1097.52, 4746.73 | 579 | 2871.08 (45.44) | 2766.61 (737.51, 9391.07) | 332 | 2701.76 (57.88) | 2567.36 (834.83, 7747.75) | 132 | 2705.43 (74.62) | 2597.31 (829.26, 5251.12) |
Iron | |||||||||||||||
Total | 1838 | 15.27 (0.14) | 14.40 (4.13, 84.06) | 53 | 15.13 (0.66) | 14.63 (4.13, 27.90) | 963 | 15.41 (0.21) | 14.33 (4.83, 84.06) | 597 | 15.24 (0.22) | 14.60 (4.42, 50.81) | 225 | 14.76 (0.30) | 13.96 (6.75, 31.34) |
Men | 772 | 15.59 (0.23) | 14.53 (4.13, 84.06) | 30 | 15.64 (0.86) | 15.30 (4.13, 25.85) | 384 | 15.68 (0.36) | 14.45 (5.54, 84.06) | 265 | 15.55 (0.37) | 14.59 (4.42, 50.81) | 93 | 15.34 (0.49) | 14.47 (6.75, 31.34) |
Women | 1066 | 15.03 (0.17) * | 14.26 (4.83, 41.09) | 23 | 14.47 (1.02) | 12.58 (7.72, 27.90) | 579 | 15.23 (0.25) | 14.26 (4.83, 41.09) | 332 | 14.99 (0.27) | 14.67 (5.25, 35.40) | 132 | 14.35 (0.39) | 13.50 (7.07, 29.99) |
Magnesium | |||||||||||||||
Total | 1838 | 392.99 (3.24) | 372.88 (109.85, 1665.14) | 53 | 382.56 (16.08) | 364.41 (109.85, 699.45) | 963 | 395.21 (4.90) | 369.92 (147.60, 1665.14) | 597 | 394.57 (5.29) | 385.25 (145.91, 1089.24) | 225 | 381.76 (7.00) | 366.82 (152.02, 709.36) |
Men | 772 | 396.92 (5.37) | 374.76 (109.85, 1665.14) | 30 | 392.08 (22.05) | 379.14 (109.85, 699.45) | 384 | 399.62 (8.48) | 372.31 (158.30, 1665.14) | 265 | 395.51 (8.63) | 385.01 (149.58, 1089.24) | 93 | 391.34 (10.68) | 375.45 (162.04, 654.69) |
Women | 1066 | 390.15 (4.00) | 372.08 (145.91, 954.25) | 23 | 370.15 (23.67) | 348.24 (246.17, 687.34) | 579 | 392.29 (5.90) | 369.29 (147.60, 954.25) | 332 | 393.83 (6.57) | 386.78 (145.91, 863.13) | 132 | 375.01 (9.24) | 363.79 (152.02, 709.36) |
Potassium | |||||||||||||||
Total | 1838 | 3653.59 (32.01) | 3446.04 (812.57, 15693.66) | 53 | 3731.19 (176.32) | 3690.30 (812.57, 7852.01) | 963 | 3674.80 (47.74) | 3415.25 (872.14, 15693.66) | 597 | 3669.38 (52.85) | 3531.47 (1050.23, 11778.63) | 225 | 3502.63 (72.19) | 3375.85 (1206.18, 8039.89) |
Men | 772 | 3732.00 (53.25) | 3509.80 (812.57, 15693.66) | 30 | 3902.19 (228.04) | 3795.98 (812.57, 7156.95) | 384 | 3712.12 (82.16) | 3455.26 (1574.87, 15693.66) | 265 | 3757.96 (88.36) | 3553.17 (1642.82, 11778.63) | 93 | 3685.19 (109.37) | 3626.06 (1775.75, 6615.19) |
Women | 1066 | 3596.81 (39.41) * | 3397.32 (872.14, 9165.64) | 23 | 3508.15 (275.53) | 2998.47 (1799.16, 7852.01) | 579 | 3650.05 (57.78) | 3395.22 (872.14, 9165.64) | 332 | 3598.68 (63.55) | 3507.39 (1050.23, 8028.33) | 132 | 3374.00 (94.69) * | 3213.99 (1206.18, 8039.89) |
Selenium | |||||||||||||||
Total | 1838 | 103.07 (1.06) | 93.91 (21.56, 431.10) | 53 | 100.74 (5.07) | 95.43 (21.56, 212.36) | 963 | 102.42 (1.53) | 91.61 (23.14, 431.10) | 597 | 104.97 (1.82) | 96.23 (24.69, 289.43) | 225 | 101.36 (2.58) | 94.02 (32.53, 239.21) |
Men | 772 | 103.96 (1.69) | 91.84 (21.56, 431.10) | 30 | 99.37 (5.90) | 95.65 (21.56, 171.70) | 384 | 104.57 (2.59) | 90.70 (25.48, 431.10) | 265 | 105.10 (2.78) | 93.80 (24.69, 276.54) | 93 | 99.69 (3.95) | 90.64 (33.27, 239.21) |
Women | 1066 | 102.43 (1.35) | 95.14 (23.14, 289.43) | 23 | 102.52 (8.93) | 95.43 (49.01, 212.36) | 579 | 101.00 (1.88) | 92.31 (23.14, 289.09) | 332 | 104.86 (2.42) | 97.79 (40.31, 289.43) | 132 | 102.53 (3.42) | 97.08 (32.53, 228.10) |
Zinc | |||||||||||||||
Total | 1838 | 12.19 (0.11) | 11.48 (3.66, 54.05) | 53 | 12.41 (0.51) | 11.89 (5.15, 22.17) | 963 | 12.27 (0.16) | 11.37 (3.67, 54.05) | 597 | 12.19 (0.18) | 11.69 (3.67, 39.48) | 225 | 11.76 (0.24) | 11.30 (3.66, 22.69) |
Men | 772 | 12.40 (0.18) | 11.51 (4.54, 54.05) | 30 | 12.73 (0.68) | 12.24 (5.15, 22.17) | 384 | 12.39 (0.28) | 11.28 (5.04, 54.05) | 265 | 12.41 (0.28) | 11.73 (4.54, 39.48) | 93 | 12.26 (0.38) | 11.62 (5.52, 22.69) |
Women | 1066 | 12.04 (0.13) | 11.47 (3.66, 31.84) | 23 | 12.00 (0.77) | 11.47 (6.41, 20.56) | 579 | 12.19 (0.18) | 11.46 (3.67, 31.84) | 332 | 12.02 (0.22) | 11.61 (3.67, 26.81) | 132 | 11.40 (0.30) | 11.01 (3.66, 20.56) |
Total (n = 1851) | Men (n = 772) | Women (n = 1066) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Yes, % (n) | No, % (n) | Yes, % (n) | No, % (n) | Yes, % (n) | No, % (n) | |
EFSA | ||||||
Calcium | 24.0 (442) | 76.0 (1397) | 24.6 (190) | 75.4 (582) | 23.6 (252) | 76.4 (814) |
Iron | 64.4 (1185) | 35.6 (654) | 79.1 (611) | 20.9 (161) | 53.8 (574) | 46.2 (492) |
Magnesium | 66.9 (1230) | 33.1 (609) | 57.6 (445) | 42.4 (327) | 73.6 (785) | 26.4 (281) |
Potassium | 48.1 (884) | 51.9 (955) | 50.5 (390) | 49.5 (382) | 46.3 (494) | 53.7 (572) |
Selenium | 75.8 (1394) | 24.2 (445) | 76.3 (589) | 23.7 (183) | 75.4 (804) | 24.6 (262) |
Vitamin A | 60.1 (1106) | 39.9 (733) | 53.6 (414) | 46.4 (358) | 64.9 (692) | 35.1 (374) |
Vitamin B1 | 100 (1839) | – | 100 (772) | – | 100 (1066) | – |
Vitamin B2 | 77.0 (1416) | 23.0 (423) | 78.5 (606) | 21.5 (166) | 75.9 (809) | 24.1 (257) |
Vitamin B3 | 100 (1839) | – | 100 (772) | – | 100 (1066) | – |
Vitamin B6 | 87.1 (1601) | 12.9 (238) | 86.8 (670) | 13.2 (102) | 87.3 (931) | 12.7 (135) |
Vitamin B9 | 60.3 (1108) | 39.7 (731) | 62.3 (481) | 37.7 (291) | 58.8 (627) | 41.2 (439) |
Vitamin B12 | 75.4 (1387) | 24.6 (452) | 77.2 (596) | 22.8 (176) | 74.1 (790) | 25.9 (276) |
Vitamin C | 70.5 (1296) | 29.5 (543) | 65.5 (506) | 34.5 (266) | 74.1 (790) | 25.9 (276) |
Vitamin D | 3.2 (58) | 96.8 (1781) | 3.2 (25) | 96.8 (747) | 3.1 (33) | 96.9 (1033) |
Vitamin E | 14.8 (273) | 85.2 (1566) | 10.5 (81) | 89.5 (691) | 18.0 (192) | 82.0 (874) |
Zinc | 62.4 (1148) | 37.6 (691) | 47.7 (368) | 52.3 (404) | 73.2 (780) | 26.8 (286) |
Total (n = 1851) | Men (n = 772) | Women (n = 1066) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Yes, % (n) | No, % (n) | Yes, % (n) | No, % (n) | Yes, % (n) | No, % (n) | |
LARN | ||||||
Calcium | 20.1 (370) | 79.9 (1469) | 20.5 (158) | 79.5 (614) | 19.9 (212) | 80.1 (854) |
Sodium | 91.6 (1695) | 7.8 (144) | 93.3 (720) | 6.7 (102) | 91.4 (974) | 8.6 (92) |
Iron | 51.2 (942) | 48.8 (897) | 86.8 (670) | 13.2 (102) | 25.5 (272) | 74.5 (794) |
Magnesium | 90.4 (1663) | 9.6 (176) | 90.4 (698) | 9.6 (74) | 90.5 (965) | 9.5 (101) |
Potassium | 35.8 (658) | 64.2 (1181) | 37.6 (290) | 62.4 (484) | 34.5 (368) | 65.5 (698) |
Selenium | 90.5 (1665) | 9.5 (174) | 92.1 (711) | 7.9 (61) | 89.4 (953) | 10.6 (113) |
Vitamin A | 66.7 (1226) | 33.3 (613) | 61.4 (474) | 38.6 (298) | 70.5 (752) | 29.5 (314) |
Vitamin B1 | 80.2 (1475) | 19.8 (364) | 78.1 (603) | 21.9 (169) | 81.8 (872) | 18.2 (194) |
Vitamin B2 | 85.0 (1564) | 15.0 (275) | 78.5 (606) | 21.5 (166) | 89.9 (958) | 10.1 (108) |
Vitamin B3 | 68.7 (1264) | 31.3 (575) | 69.4 (536) | 30.6 (236) | 68.3 (728) | 31.7 (338) |
Vitamin B6 | 97.5 (1793) | 2.5 (46) | 97.9 (756) | 2.1 (16) | 97.2 (1036) | 2.8 (30) |
Vitamin B9 | 41.0 (754) | 59.0 (1085) | 43.0 (332) | 57.0 (440) | 39.6 (422) | 60.4 (644) |
Vitamin B12 | 96.2 (1770) | 3.8 (69) | 98.3 (759) | 17 (13) | 94.7 (1010) | 5.3 (56) |
Vitamin C | 75.1 (1382) | 24.9 (457) | 68.8 (531) | 31.2 (241) | 79.8 (851) | 20.2 (215) |
Vitamin D | 3.1 (57) | 96.9 (1782) | 3.2 (25) | 96.8 (747) | 3.0 (32) | 97.0 (1034) |
Vitamin E | 11.5 (211) | 88.5 (1628) | 10.5 (81) | 89.5 (691) | 12.2 (130) | 87.8 (936) |
Zinc | 62.9 (1157) | 37.1 (682) | 45.1 (348) | 54.9 (424) | 75.9 (809) | 24.1 (257) |
© 2018 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
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Castiglione, D.; Platania, A.; Conti, A.; Falla, M.; D’Urso, M.; Marranzano, M. Dietary Micronutrient and Mineral Intake in the Mediterranean Healthy Eating, Ageing, and Lifestyle (MEAL) Study. Antioxidants 2018, 7, 79. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox7070079
Castiglione D, Platania A, Conti A, Falla M, D’Urso M, Marranzano M. Dietary Micronutrient and Mineral Intake in the Mediterranean Healthy Eating, Ageing, and Lifestyle (MEAL) Study. Antioxidants. 2018; 7(7):79. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox7070079
Chicago/Turabian StyleCastiglione, Dora, Armando Platania, Alessandra Conti, Mariagiovanna Falla, Maurizio D’Urso, and Marina Marranzano. 2018. "Dietary Micronutrient and Mineral Intake in the Mediterranean Healthy Eating, Ageing, and Lifestyle (MEAL) Study" Antioxidants 7, no. 7: 79. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox7070079