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Article

Effect of Dietary PUFAs and Antioxidants on Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Functions of HDL in a Cohort of Women

1
Department of Translational Medicine and for Romagna, University of Ferrara, Via Luigi Borsari 46, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
2
Department of Environmental and Prevention Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via Luigi Borsari 46, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
3
Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via Luigi Borsari 46, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
These authors contributed equally to this work.
Antioxidants 2025, 14(10), 1221; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox14101221
Submission received: 22 August 2025 / Revised: 1 October 2025 / Accepted: 9 October 2025 / Published: 10 October 2025

Abstract

High-density lipoproteins (HDLs) protect against atherosclerosis through their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and other beneficial properties. Although interest is increasing in uncovering both physiological and external factors that influence these functions, definitive evidence remains lacking in this area. To fill this gap, we assessed for the first time how intake of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids and dietary antioxidants affects key HDL-associated proteins. We observed that myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity, a marker of HDL oxidation, was inversely correlated with total polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), omega-3 and omega-6 intake (p < 0.05), polyphenols (p < 0.001), and overall antioxidant capacity (p < 0.05). Levels of lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 also decreased with higher antioxidant consumption (p < 0.05). By contrast, glutathione peroxidase 3 (Gpx3) activity, a protective HDL enzyme, increased in tandem with omega-3 and antioxidant intake. Finally, a composite HDL-antioxidant/anti-inflammatory score integrating all measured proteins rose in association with total PUFAs (p < 0.001), omega-6 (p < 0.001), omega-3 (p < 0.01), polyphenols, and total antioxidants (p < 0.05). These findings suggest that higher dietary PUFA, especially omega-6, and antioxidant intake may enhance HDL’s atheroprotective properties.
Keywords: HDL; antioxidants; PUFAs; paraoxonase-1; myeloperoxidase HDL; antioxidants; PUFAs; paraoxonase-1; myeloperoxidase

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MDPI and ACS Style

Mola, G.; Riccetti, R.; Sergi, D.; Trentini, A.; Rosta, V.; Passaro, A.; Sanz, J.M.; Cervellati, C. Effect of Dietary PUFAs and Antioxidants on Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Functions of HDL in a Cohort of Women. Antioxidants 2025, 14, 1221. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox14101221

AMA Style

Mola G, Riccetti R, Sergi D, Trentini A, Rosta V, Passaro A, Sanz JM, Cervellati C. Effect of Dietary PUFAs and Antioxidants on Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Functions of HDL in a Cohort of Women. Antioxidants. 2025; 14(10):1221. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox14101221

Chicago/Turabian Style

Mola, Gianmarco, Raffaella Riccetti, Domenico Sergi, Alessandro Trentini, Valentina Rosta, Angela Passaro, Juana M. Sanz, and Carlo Cervellati. 2025. "Effect of Dietary PUFAs and Antioxidants on Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Functions of HDL in a Cohort of Women" Antioxidants 14, no. 10: 1221. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox14101221

APA Style

Mola, G., Riccetti, R., Sergi, D., Trentini, A., Rosta, V., Passaro, A., Sanz, J. M., & Cervellati, C. (2025). Effect of Dietary PUFAs and Antioxidants on Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Functions of HDL in a Cohort of Women. Antioxidants, 14(10), 1221. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox14101221

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