Valorizing Tea Waste: Green Synthesis of Iron Nanoparticles for Efficient Dye Removal from Water

Rodríguez-Rasero, Cristina; Alexandre-Franco, María F.; Fernández-González, Carmen; Montes-Jiménez, Vicente; Cuerda-Correa, Eduardo M.

doi:10.3390/antiox13091059

Open AccessArticle

Valorizing Tea Waste: Green Synthesis of Iron Nanoparticles for Efficient Dye Removal from Water

by

Cristina Rodríguez-Rasero

,

María F. Alexandre-Franco

,

Carmen Fernández-González

,

Vicente Montes-Jiménez

and

Eduardo M. Cuerda-Correa

^*

Departamento de Química Orgánica e Inorgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Extremadura, Avenida de Elvas s/n, 06006 Badajoz, Spain

^*

Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.

Antioxidants 2024, 13(9), 1059; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox13091059

Submission received: 20 July 2024 / Revised: 23 August 2024 / Accepted: 25 August 2024 / Published: 30 August 2024

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antioxidant Properties and Applications of Food By-Products)

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Abstract

This study explores the valorization of tea leaf waste by extracting polyphenols through reflux extraction, subsequently using them to synthesize zero-valent iron nanoparticles (nZVI). The in situ generated nanoparticles, when combined with fixed amounts of hydrogen peroxide, facilitated the removal of various dyes (methylene blue, methyl orange, and orange G) via a hetero-catalytic Fenton process. The iron nanoparticles were thoroughly characterized by gas adsorption of N₂ at 77 K, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), FT-IR spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and thermal analysis, including thermogravimetric analysis (TG) and temperature-programmed reduction (TPR). A statistical design of experiments and response surface methodology were employed to analyze the influence of polyphenol, Fe(III), and H₂O₂ concentrations on dye removal efficiency. The results demonstrated that optimizing the operational conditions could achieve 100% dye removal efficiency. This study highlights the potential of nZVI synthesized through eco-friendly methods as a promising solution for water decontamination involving diverse model dyes, thus contributing to sustainable waste management and environmental protection.

Keywords: tea waste; polyphenols; valorization; nZVI; methylene blue; methyl orange; orange G

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MDPI and ACS Style

Rodríguez-Rasero, C.; Alexandre-Franco, M.F.; Fernández-González, C.; Montes-Jiménez, V.; Cuerda-Correa, E.M. Valorizing Tea Waste: Green Synthesis of Iron Nanoparticles for Efficient Dye Removal from Water. Antioxidants 2024, 13, 1059. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox13091059

AMA Style

Rodríguez-Rasero C, Alexandre-Franco MF, Fernández-González C, Montes-Jiménez V, Cuerda-Correa EM. Valorizing Tea Waste: Green Synthesis of Iron Nanoparticles for Efficient Dye Removal from Water. Antioxidants. 2024; 13(9):1059. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox13091059

Chicago/Turabian Style

Rodríguez-Rasero, Cristina, María F. Alexandre-Franco, Carmen Fernández-González, Vicente Montes-Jiménez, and Eduardo M. Cuerda-Correa. 2024. "Valorizing Tea Waste: Green Synthesis of Iron Nanoparticles for Efficient Dye Removal from Water" Antioxidants 13, no. 9: 1059. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox13091059

APA Style

Rodríguez-Rasero, C., Alexandre-Franco, M. F., Fernández-González, C., Montes-Jiménez, V., & Cuerda-Correa, E. M. (2024). Valorizing Tea Waste: Green Synthesis of Iron Nanoparticles for Efficient Dye Removal from Water. Antioxidants, 13(9), 1059. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox13091059

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Valorizing Tea Waste: Green Synthesis of Iron Nanoparticles for Efficient Dye Removal from Water

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