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Antioxidants
Volume 13
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10.3390/antiox13010084
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Article

Cultivar and Harvest Time of Almonds Affect Their Antioxidant and Nutritional Profile through Gut Microbiota Modifications

by
Adriana Delgado-Osorio
1,
Beatriz Navajas-Porras
1,
Sergio Pérez-Burillo
1,
Daniel Hinojosa-Nogueira
1,
Ángela Toledano-Marín
1,
Silvia Pastoriza de la Cueva
1,
Oleg Paliy
2 and
José Ángel Rufián-Henares
1,3,*
1
Departamento de Nutrición y Bromatología, Instituto de Nutrición y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Centro de Investigación Biomédica, Universidad de Granada, Av. del Hospicio, s/n, 18012 Granada, Spain
2
Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Boonshoft School of Medicine, Wright State University, Dayton, OH 45435, USA
3
Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, Universidad de Granada, Avda. de Madrid 15, 2a Planta, 18012 Granada, Spain
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Antioxidants 2024, 13(1), 84; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox13010084
Submission received: 15 December 2023 / Revised: 28 December 2023 / Accepted: 29 December 2023 / Published: 9 January 2024
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antioxidant Activity of Fermented Foods and Food Microorganisms)
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Abstract

Almonds are a rich source of beneficial compounds for human health. In this work, we assessed the influence of almond cultivars and harvest time on their morphological (length, width and thickness) and nutritional (ash, moisture, proteins) profiles. We also evaluated the impact of an in vitro digestion and fermentation process on almonds’ antioxidant and phenolic content, as well as their support of gut microbiota community and functionality, including the production of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), lactic and succinic acids. The length, width, and thickness of almonds varied significantly among cultivars, with the latter two parameters also exhibiting significant changes over time. Moisture content decreased with maturity, while protein and ash increased significantly. Total antioxidant capacity released by almonds after digestion and fermentation had different trends depending on the antioxidant capacity method used. The fermentation step contributed more to the antioxidant capacity than the digestion step. Both cultivar and harvest time exerted a significant influence on the concentration of certain phenolic compounds, although the total content remained unaffected. Similarly, fecal microbiota modulation depended on the cultivar and maturity stage, with the Guara cultivar and late maturity showing the largest effects. Cultivar type also exerted a significant impact on the concentration of SCFAs, with the Guara cultivar displaying the highest total SCFAs concentration. Thus, we conclude that cultivar and harvest time are key factors in shaping the morphological and nutritional composition of almonds. In addition, taking into account all the results obtained, the Guara variety has the best nutritional profile.
Keywords: almond; cultivar; harvest time; digestion; fermentation; gut microbiota; metabolites almond; cultivar; harvest time; digestion; fermentation; gut microbiota; metabolites
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MDPI and ACS Style

Delgado-Osorio, A.; Navajas-Porras, B.; Pérez-Burillo, S.; Hinojosa-Nogueira, D.; Toledano-Marín, Á.; Pastoriza de la Cueva, S.; Paliy, O.; Rufián-Henares, J.Á. Cultivar and Harvest Time of Almonds Affect Their Antioxidant and Nutritional Profile through Gut Microbiota Modifications. Antioxidants 2024, 13, 84. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox13010084

AMA Style

Delgado-Osorio A, Navajas-Porras B, Pérez-Burillo S, Hinojosa-Nogueira D, Toledano-Marín Á, Pastoriza de la Cueva S, Paliy O, Rufián-Henares JÁ. Cultivar and Harvest Time of Almonds Affect Their Antioxidant and Nutritional Profile through Gut Microbiota Modifications. Antioxidants. 2024; 13(1):84. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox13010084

Chicago/Turabian Style

Delgado-Osorio, Adriana, Beatriz Navajas-Porras, Sergio Pérez-Burillo, Daniel Hinojosa-Nogueira, Ángela Toledano-Marín, Silvia Pastoriza de la Cueva, Oleg Paliy, and José Ángel Rufián-Henares. 2024. "Cultivar and Harvest Time of Almonds Affect Their Antioxidant and Nutritional Profile through Gut Microbiota Modifications" Antioxidants 13, no. 1: 84. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox13010084

APA Style

Delgado-Osorio, A., Navajas-Porras, B., Pérez-Burillo, S., Hinojosa-Nogueira, D., Toledano-Marín, Á., Pastoriza de la Cueva, S., Paliy, O., & Rufián-Henares, J. Á. (2024). Cultivar and Harvest Time of Almonds Affect Their Antioxidant and Nutritional Profile through Gut Microbiota Modifications. Antioxidants, 13(1), 84. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox13010084

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