Oxidative Stress and Its Regulation in Diabetic Retinopathy
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Diabetic Retinopathy
2.1. Epidemiology and Risk Factors
2.2. Classification
2.3. Clinical Manifestations and Management
3. Cellular Players in ROS Production
4. Molecular Mechanisms of ROS Production
5. Pathological Effects of ROS
5.1. Metabolic Dysregulation, AGE Production, and Cell Signaling
5.2. Lasting Damage and Metabolic Memory
6. Regulation of Oxidative Stress by Non-Coding RNA
7. Protective Mechanisms and Therapeutic Avenues
8. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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miRNA | Regulation in Diabetic Retinopathy | Target(s) | Contribution to Diabetic Retinopathy Pathology | Reference(s) |
---|---|---|---|---|
miR-138-5p | Upregulated | SIRT1 | Increased ferroptosis | [166] |
miR-29b | Downregulated | PTEN | Increased oxidative stress and apoptosis | [167] |
miR-34a | Upregulated | P53 | Increased oxidative stress and apoptosis | [168] |
miR-93-5p | Upregulated | SIRT1 | Increased oxidative stress and inflammation | [169,170] |
miR-1 | Upregulated | SIRT3 | Increased oxidative stress | [171] |
miR-19b | Upregulated | SIRT4 | Increased oxidative stress | [171] |
miR-320 | Upregulated | SIRT5 | Increased oxidative stress | [171] |
miR-301a-3p | Upregulated | STEAP4 | Increased oxidative stress and apoptosis | [172] |
miR-338-3p | Upregulated | SLC1A5 | Increased oxidative stress and ferroptosis | [173] |
miR-126 | Downregulated | SIRT1, SPRED, CRK, PLAGL | Potential biomarker | [174] |
miR-132 | Downregulated | SIRT1, SPRED1, CRK, PLAGL2 | Potential biomarker | [174] |
miR-205-5p | Downregulated | VEGFA | Increased angiogenesis | [175] |
miR-139-5p | Downregulated | LMO4 | Increased oxidative stress and inflammation | [176] |
miR-133-3p | Downregulated | FBN1 | Increased oxidative stress and angiogenesis | [178] |
miR-486-3p | Downregulated | TLR4 | Increased oxidative stress and inflammation | [179] |
miR-17-3p | Downregulated | STAT1 | Increased oxidative stress and inflammation | [180] |
ncRNA | Type | Regulation in Diabetic Retinopathy | Target(s) | Contribution to Diabetic Retinopathy Pathology | Reference(s) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
MALAT1 | lncRNA | Upregulated | KEAP1 IGF2BP3 | Increased oxidative stress and apoptosis | [182,187] |
HOTAIR | lncRNA | Upregulated | Epigenetic regulation | Increased oxidative DNA damage and angiogenesis | [183] |
NEAT1 | lncRNA | Upregulated | TGFβ1, VEGFA | Increased oxidative stress and inflammation | [184] |
HIF1-AS2 | lncRNA | Upregulated | MAPK, VEGFA | Increased oxidative stress and DNA damage | [185] |
ARID2-IR | lncRNA | Upregulated | Smad3 | Increased oxidative stress and inflammation | [181] |
OGRU | lncRNA | Upregulated | miR-320-3p, USP14 | Increased oxidative stress and inflammation | [186] |
TPTEP1 | lncRNA | Downregulated | miR-489-3p, NRF2 | Increased oxidative stress | [188] |
SNHG16 | lncRNA | Downregulated | miR-195, MFN2 | Increased angiogenesis | [189] |
FLG-AS1 | lncRNA | Downregulated | miR-380-3p, SOCS6 | Increased oxidative stress and inflammation | [190] |
circUBAP2 | circRNA | Upregulated | miR-589-5p, EGR1 | Increased oxidative stress and angiogenesis | [191] |
circADAM9 | circRNA | Upregulated | miR-338-3p, CARM1 | Increased oxidative stress and apoptosis | [192] |
circ_0041795 | circRNA | Upregulated | miR-589-5p, YAP1 | Increased oxidative stress and inflammation and apoptosis | [193] |
circ_0000615 | circRNA | Upregulated | miR-646, YAP1 | Increased ROS production and apoptosis | [194] |
circFTO | circRNA | Upregulated | miR-148-3p, TGFA | Increased oxidative stress and inflammation | [195] |
circSLC16A12 | circRNA | Upregulated | miR-140-3p, FGF2 | Increased oxidative stress and angiogenesis and apoptosis | [196] |
circ_0084043 | circRNA | Upregulated | miR-140-3p, TGFA | Increased oxidative stress and inflammation | [197] |
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Haydinger, C.D.; Oliver, G.F.; Ashander, L.M.; Smith, J.R. Oxidative Stress and Its Regulation in Diabetic Retinopathy. Antioxidants 2023, 12, 1649. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox12081649
Haydinger CD, Oliver GF, Ashander LM, Smith JR. Oxidative Stress and Its Regulation in Diabetic Retinopathy. Antioxidants. 2023; 12(8):1649. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox12081649
Chicago/Turabian StyleHaydinger, Cameron D., Genevieve F. Oliver, Liam M. Ashander, and Justine R. Smith. 2023. "Oxidative Stress and Its Regulation in Diabetic Retinopathy" Antioxidants 12, no. 8: 1649. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox12081649