Kinetic Effects of Transferrin-Conjugated Gold Nanoparticles on the Antioxidant Glutathione-Thioredoxin Pathway
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Synthesis and Characterisation of Transferrin-Conjugated Gold (Au-Tf) Nanoparticles
2.2. Cell Culture Preparation for the Exposure of PC-3 Cells Exposed to Au-Tf Nanoparticles
2.3. Exposure Conditions Used for Uptake Analysis, Proteomics, Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), and Cell Cycle Study of the Nanoparticles in Cells
2.4. Reactive Oxygen Species Analysis
2.5. Sample Processing for the ICP-MS Analysis for the Uptake of Nanoparticles in Each Exposure Condition in PC-3 Cells
2.6. Downstream Processing Steps for Cell Sample Processing for Non-Labelled Proteomics
2.7. Processing of Raw Data for the Non-Labelled Proteomics
2.8. Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) Biological Sample Preparation to Study Au-Tf Nanoparticle Uptake in PC-3 Cells
2.9. Cell Cycle Analysis of Au-Tf Nanoparticle-Treated PC-3 Cells Were Treated with 6 nM Au-Tf Nanoparticles for 2 h, 24 h Continuous, and 24 h Non-Continuous Periods
2.10. Detection of Early Apoptotic Cell Populations Using Annexin V Early Apoptosis Detection Kit
2.11. Cell Viability Assay of Nanoparticle-Treated and Control Cell Populations Using Trypan Blue
3. Results
3.1. Nanoparticle Characterisation, Uptake, and ROS Analysis
3.2. Effect of Au-Tf Nanoparticles on the Differential Protein Expresson of Proteins Involved in the Glutathione-Thioredoxin Pathway of PC-3 Cells
3.3. Effect of Au-Tf Nanoparticles on the Morphology of PC-3 Cells
3.4. Effect of Au-Tf Nanoparticles on the subG0/G1 or Apoptotic Cell Population and Cell Viability
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Protein Name | Fold Change. 2 h | Fold Change. 24 h Continuous | Fold Change. 24 h Non-Continuous |
---|---|---|---|
Glutathione synthase (GSS) | 0.32 | 1.74 | ND |
Glutathione reductase (GR) | 0.6 * | 0.96 | 1.23 |
Glutathione peroxidase (GPX) | 0.5 * | 0.75 | 1 |
Thioredoxin reductase, mitochondrial (TrxR2) | 0.3 | 0.97 | 1.1 |
Thioredoxin reductase, cytoplasmic (TrxR1) | 0.75 | 0.87 | 1.1 |
Superoxide dismutase, mitochondrial (SODM) | 0.1 | 0.22 | 1.23 |
Superoxide dismutase, cytoplasmic (SODC) | 0.35 | 0.69 | 0.7 |
Peroxiredoxin 1,2,3,4, 5 and 6 (PRDX) | 0.4, 0.45, 0.87, 0.52, ND, 0.76 | 0.66 *, ND, 0.45 *, ND, ND, 0.65 | 0.92, 1.28, 0.91, 2 *, 1, 0.95 |
Catalase (CAT) | 0.4 | 0.84 | 1.14 |
Glutamate--cysteine ligase regulatory subunit (GCLM) | ND | ND | 0.22 |
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Sebastian, S.; Hoffmann, M.K.; Howard, D.; Young, C.; Washington, J.; Unterweger, H.; Alexiou, C.; Turnbull, T.; D’Andrea, R.; Hoffmann, P.; et al. Kinetic Effects of Transferrin-Conjugated Gold Nanoparticles on the Antioxidant Glutathione-Thioredoxin Pathway. Antioxidants 2023, 12, 1617. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox12081617
Sebastian S, Hoffmann MK, Howard D, Young C, Washington J, Unterweger H, Alexiou C, Turnbull T, D’Andrea R, Hoffmann P, et al. Kinetic Effects of Transferrin-Conjugated Gold Nanoparticles on the Antioxidant Glutathione-Thioredoxin Pathway. Antioxidants. 2023; 12(8):1617. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox12081617
Chicago/Turabian StyleSebastian, Sonia, Manuela Klingler Hoffmann, Douglas Howard, Clifford Young, Jenni Washington, Harald Unterweger, Christoph Alexiou, Tyron Turnbull, Richard D’Andrea, Peter Hoffmann, and et al. 2023. "Kinetic Effects of Transferrin-Conjugated Gold Nanoparticles on the Antioxidant Glutathione-Thioredoxin Pathway" Antioxidants 12, no. 8: 1617. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox12081617
APA StyleSebastian, S., Hoffmann, M. K., Howard, D., Young, C., Washington, J., Unterweger, H., Alexiou, C., Turnbull, T., D’Andrea, R., Hoffmann, P., & Kempson, I. (2023). Kinetic Effects of Transferrin-Conjugated Gold Nanoparticles on the Antioxidant Glutathione-Thioredoxin Pathway. Antioxidants, 12(8), 1617. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox12081617