Valorization of Onion Waste by Obtaining Extracts Rich in Phenolic Compounds and Feasibility of Its Therapeutic Use on Colon Cancer
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Material and Methods
2.1. Extracts
2.2. Characterization of Phenolic Compounds of Onions Extracts by HPLC-DAD
2.3. Antioxidant Capacity of Onion Extract by DPPH, ABTS and FRAP
2.4. Determination of Total Phenolic and Total Flavonoids Content
2.5. Biological Studies
2.5.1. Cell Proliferation Assay and IC50Values
2.5.2. Propidium Iodide Staining of DNA Content and Cell Cycle Analysis
2.5.3. Measurements of Apoptosis
2.5.4. Mitochondrial Membrane Potential Assay
2.5.5. Determination of P53 and Caspase 3 Activity
2.5.6. Determination of Proteasome Activity
2.5.7. Determination of Intracellular Levels of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS)
2.5.8. Theoretical Absorption Percentage and Caco-2 Permeability of Individual Phenolic Compounds
2.6. Statistical Analysis
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Phenolic Composition and Antioxidant Activity in Onion WasteExtracts
3.2. Biological Studies with OnionWasteExtract
3.2.1. Antiproliferative Effect and Cell Cycle Arrest
3.2.2. Type of Cell Death
3.2.3. Activity of Proteasome 20 S Subunit
3.2.4. Redox Activity on Colon Cancer Cells
3.2.5. Redox Activity on a Model of Intestinal Barrier
3.3. Theoretical Absorption of Individual Phenolic Compounds (Based on Lipinnski Parameters)
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Phenolic Compound | Concentration (mg/g Extract) |
---|---|
Protocatechuic acid | 11.5 ± 0.3 |
Ellagic acid | 0.10 ± 0.01 |
Vanillic acid | 0.33 ± 0.03 |
Quercetin | 10.2 ± 0.4 |
Quercetin 3-glucoside | 1.16 ± 0.08 |
Kaempferol | 0.44 ± 0.01 |
Isorhamnetin | 0.24 ± 0.01 |
Unknown flavonoid 1 1 | 2.57 ± 0.09 |
Unknown flavonoid 2 1 | 12.3 ± 0.3 |
Unknown flavonoid 3 1 | 0.87 ± 0.03 |
Assays | Concentration |
---|---|
Antioxidant capacity by ABTS (mmol Trolox/g extract) | 1.11 ± 0.08 |
Antioxidant capacity by FRAP (mmol Trolox/g extract) | 0.83 ± 0.01 |
Antioxidant capacity by DPPH (mmol Trolox/g extract) | 0.49 ± 0.08 |
Total Flavonoids (mg quercetin/g extract) | 64 ± 3 |
Total Phenolic Content (mg gallic acid/g extract) | 177 ± 9 |
Identified Compound | MW | TPSA | Log P | No. Atoms | Hydrogen Bonds Acceptors | Hydrogen Bonds Donors | Rotatable Bonds | Molecular Volume (Å3) | Violations to LIRF | % ABS | log Papp (10−6 cm/s) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Protocatechuic acid | 154.12 | 77.75 | 0.88 | 11 | 4 | 3 | 1 | 127.08 | 0 | 89.15 | 1.15 |
2 | Ellagic acid | 302.19 | 141.33 | 0.94 | 22 | 8 | 4 | 0 | 221.78 | 0 | 60.24 | 0.33 |
3 | Vanillic acid | 168.15 | 66.76 | 1.19 | 12 | 4 | 2 | 2 | 144.61 | 0 | 85.97 | 0.33 |
4 | Quercetin | 302.24 | 131.35 | 1.68 | 22 | 11 | 7 | 1 | 240.08 | 0 | 63.68 | −0.23 |
5 | Quercetin 3-glucoside | 464.38 | 210.50 | −0.36 | 33 | 12 | 8 | 4 | 372.21 | 2 | 36.38 | 0.24 |
6 | Kaempferol | 286.24 | 111.12 | 2.17 | 21 | 6 | 4 | 1 | 232.07 | 0 | 70.66 | 0.03 |
7 | Isorhamnetin | 316.26 | 120.36 | 1.99 | 23 | 7 | 4 | 2 | 257.61 | 0 | 67.48 | −0.003 |
Compounds of matching spectra for the unknown flavonoids | ||||||||||||
Quercetin 3,7,4′-triglucoside | 788.66 | 368.81 | −4.16 | 55 | 22 | 14 | 0 | 636.45 | 3 | −18.24 | −1.14 | |
Isorhamnetin 3,4′-diglucoside | 640.55 | 278.66 | −2.07 | 45 | 17 | 10 | 8 | 521.86 | 3 | 12.86 | −1.10 | |
Quercetin 4’-glucoside | 464.38 | 210.50 | −0.33 | 33 | 12 | 8 | 4 | 372.21 | 2 | 36.38 | 0.27 | |
Isorhamnetin 4’-glucoside | 478.41 | 199.51 | −0.03 | 34 | 12 | 7 | 5 | 389.73 | 2 | 40.17 | 0.34 | |
Quercetin 7,4’-diglucoside | 626.52 | 289.65 | −2.12 | 44 | 17 | 11 | 7 | 504.33 | 3 | 9.07 | −1.22 |
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Paesa, M.; Nogueira, D.P.; Velderrain-Rodríguez, G.; Esparza, I.; Jiménez-Moreno, N.; Mendoza, G.; Osada, J.; Martin-Belloso, O.; Rodríguez-Yoldi, M.J.; Ancín-Azpilicueta, C. Valorization of Onion Waste by Obtaining Extracts Rich in Phenolic Compounds and Feasibility of Its Therapeutic Use on Colon Cancer. Antioxidants 2022, 11, 733. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox11040733
Paesa M, Nogueira DP, Velderrain-Rodríguez G, Esparza I, Jiménez-Moreno N, Mendoza G, Osada J, Martin-Belloso O, Rodríguez-Yoldi MJ, Ancín-Azpilicueta C. Valorization of Onion Waste by Obtaining Extracts Rich in Phenolic Compounds and Feasibility of Its Therapeutic Use on Colon Cancer. Antioxidants. 2022; 11(4):733. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox11040733
Chicago/Turabian StylePaesa, Mónica, Danielle Pires Nogueira, Gustavo Velderrain-Rodríguez, Irene Esparza, Nerea Jiménez-Moreno, Gracia Mendoza, Jesús Osada, Olga Martin-Belloso, María Jesús Rodríguez-Yoldi, and Carmen Ancín-Azpilicueta. 2022. "Valorization of Onion Waste by Obtaining Extracts Rich in Phenolic Compounds and Feasibility of Its Therapeutic Use on Colon Cancer" Antioxidants 11, no. 4: 733. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox11040733