The Effect Citrox BCL on Legionella pneumophila Mechanisms of Biofilm Formation, Oxidative Stress and Virulence
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Determination of Minimum Inhibitory and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration
2.2. Infection and Cytotoxicity Assay
2.3. c-di-GMP Assay
2.4. Biofilm Microtiter Plate Assay
2.5. RNA Extraction and qRT-PCR
2.6. Exopolysaccharide (EPS) Measurement and Motility Assay
2.7. Intracellular ROS in L. pneumophila SG68703154 Infected A549 Cells
2.8. Siderophore and Intracellular Iron Measurement
3. Results
3.1. Citrox BCL Effect on L. pneumophilia Growth, Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC)
3.2. Citrox BCL Reduces L. pneumophila Infection of A549 Cells
3.3. Citrox BCL Mediates Biofilm Formation and tetB and tetC Biofilm Related Gene Expression during Infection
3.4. Impact on EPS Production and Bacterial Motility
3.5. Impact on Iron Sequestration and Siderophore Production
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Butucel, E.; Balta, I.; McCleery, D.; Popescu, C.A.; Iancu, T.; Pet, I.; Marcu, A.; Horablaga, N.-M.; Stef, L.; Corcionivoschi, N. The Effect Citrox BCL on Legionella pneumophila Mechanisms of Biofilm Formation, Oxidative Stress and Virulence. Antioxidants 2022, 11, 2186. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox11112186
Butucel E, Balta I, McCleery D, Popescu CA, Iancu T, Pet I, Marcu A, Horablaga N-M, Stef L, Corcionivoschi N. The Effect Citrox BCL on Legionella pneumophila Mechanisms of Biofilm Formation, Oxidative Stress and Virulence. Antioxidants. 2022; 11(11):2186. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox11112186
Chicago/Turabian StyleButucel, Eugenia, Igori Balta, David McCleery, Cosmin Alin Popescu, Tiberiu Iancu, Ioan Pet, Adela Marcu, Nicolae-Marinel Horablaga, Lavinia Stef, and Nicolae Corcionivoschi. 2022. "The Effect Citrox BCL on Legionella pneumophila Mechanisms of Biofilm Formation, Oxidative Stress and Virulence" Antioxidants 11, no. 11: 2186. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox11112186