Integrated Technology for Cereal Bran Valorization: Perspectives for a Sustainable Industrial Approach
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Intracellular Bioactive Phytochemicals of Cereal Bran
2.1. Dietary Fibers
2.2. Phenolic Compounds
2.3. Bioactive Peptides
2.4. Phytosterols
3. Biological Activities in the Human Body
3.1. Antioxidant Capacity
3.2. Anti-Inflammatory Activity
3.3. Cardiometabolic Protective Activity
3.4. Anti-Diabetes Activity
3.5. Anti-Cancer Activity
3.6. Prebiotic Effects
4. Pretreatments’ Effect on Cereal Bran Phytochemicals
4.1. Physical Pretreatments
4.1.1. Ultrafine Grinding
4.1.2. Ultrasonic Pretreatments
4.1.3. Thermal and Moisture Pretreatments
4.1.4. Steam Explosion Pretreatment
4.1.5. Microwave Pretreatment
4.1.6. Supercritical Pretreatment
4.1.7. Hydrothermal Pretreatment
4.2. Chemical Pretreatments
4.3. Enzymatic Pretreatment
5. Cereal Bran Fermentation
Fermentation Method | Inoculum | Substrate | Fermentation Condition | Results | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
SSF | Enterococcus faecalis M2 | WB | Inoculation rate: 10%; Moisture content: 60%; Time: 36 h; Temperature: 37 °C. | Soluble dietary fiber ↑ Phenols ↑ Flavonoids ↑ Alkylresorcinols ↑ Free amino acid ↑ Protein ↓ Phytic acid ↓ Antioxidant capacity ↑ | [103] |
Bacillus sp. TMF–2 | Inoculation: 0.5 mL of bacterial suspension; Solid-to-liquid ratio: 1:1; Time: 11 days; Temperature: 30 °C. | Soluble phenolic content ↑ Antioxidant capacity ↑ Free radical scavenging rate ↑ Activity of hydrolytic enzymes (amylase, cellulase, pectinase, mannanase, protease, and phytase) ↑ Inorganic phosphorus ↑ Phytic acid ↓ | [104] | ||
Aspergillus strains: A. brasiliensis, A. awamori, and A. sojae. | RB | Moisture: 1:1 (w/w); Fungal spores: 1% (v/w); Time: 8 days for A. brasiliensis and 14 days for A. awamori and A. sojae; Temperature: 25 °C. | Radical scavenging activity ↑ Tyrosinase inhibitory activity ↑ Lactase inhibitory activity ↑ Kojic acid ↑ Free phenolic acids ↑ Total flavonoid content ↑ | [100] | |
Rhizopus oryzae | Moisture: 50%; Spore concentration: 4 × 106 spores/g bran; Time: 96 h; Temperature: 30 °C. | Total phenolic ↑ Total flavonoid ↑ Total carotenoid ↑ Total anthocyanin ↑ Antioxidant capacity ↑ Ferric reducing power ↑ Anti-inflammatory properties ↑ Anti-diabetic properties ↓ Radical scavenging ability ↓ | [102] | ||
Aspergillus awamori and Aspergillus oryzae | Moisture: 30%; Inoculation: 1 mL of the spore suspension; Time: 5 days; Temperature: 30 °C. | Total phenolic content ↑ Protocatechuic acid ↑ Ferulic acid ↑ Radical scavenging activity ↑ Tyrosinase inhibitory activity ↑ | [31] | ||
Saccharomyces cerevisiae | OB | Moisture: 45% (w/w); Inoculation: 5 mL of yeast suspensions (107 CFU/mL) per 100 g of dry weight; Time: 6 days; Temperature: 30 °C; Static conditions. | DPPH radical activity ↑ Total phenolic content ↑ Avenanthramides ↑ Ferulic acid ↑ Protocatechuic acid ↑ Caffeic acid ↑ Vanillic acid ↑ | [10] | |
Monascus anka | Moisture: 60% (w/w); Inoculation: 0.1 mL of spore suspension per 1 g dry oats; Time: 14 days; Temperature: 30 °C | Ferulic acid ↑ Vanillic acid ↑ α-amylase activity ↑ Xylanase activity ↓ Total cellulase activity ↓ β-glucosidase activity ↓ | [101] | ||
SmF | 3-member consortium of Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus coagulans, Bacillus cereus | WB | Wheat bran 2% (w/v); Time: 7 days; Temperature: 30 ± 2 °C; Agitation speed: 140 rpm. | Cellulases activities ↑ Digestibility of solid substrates ↑ Cellulose bioconversion ↑ Lignocellulose degradation ↑ β-glucosidase ↓ | [107] |
Aspergillus phoenicis (Aspergillus saitoi) | Wheat bran: 1% (w/v); Temperature: 40 °C; pH: 6; Inoculation: 105 spores/mL. | Production of thermo-toleran mycelial β-D-fructofuranosidase and raffinose; | [108] | ||
Pediococcus acidilactici | RB | Inoculation: 3% (v/v); Time: 24 h; Temperature 37 °C; pH: 5.6 | Bioconversion of ferulic acid into phenolic derivatives such as 4-ethylphenol, vanillin, vanillic acid, and vanillyl alcohol. | [105] | |
Saccharomyces cerevisiae | Inoculation: 25 mL (1 × 108 cells/mL); Constant aeration; Agitation speed: 150 rpm; Time: 24 h; Temperature: 35–45 °C; pH: 3.5–4.5. | Antioxidant properties ↑ Cyanidin-3-glucoside and peonidin-3-glucoside were bioconverted to cyanidin and peonidin Bioactivity ↑ | [109] | ||
Bacillus mojavensis | OB | Inoculation: 0.5%, 1%, and 2% (w/v); pH: 8.0 Time: 120 h; Temperature: 37 °C; Agitation speed: 180 rpm. | Xylanase yield of about 249.308 IU/mL | [110] |
6. Conclusions and Future Perspectives
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Nutrients | Wheat Bran [16] | Rice Bran [17] | Oat Bran [18] |
---|---|---|---|
Amount (g/100 g) | Amount (g/100 g) | Amount (g/100 g) | |
Water | 9.89 | 6.13 | 6.55 |
Energy | 216 kcal | 316 kcal | 246 |
Protein | 15.6 | 13.4 | 17.3 |
Total lipids | 4.25 | 20.8 | 7.03 |
Polyunsaturated fatty acids | 2.21 | 7.46 | 2.77 |
Monounsaturated fatty acids | 0.63 | 7.55 | 2.38 |
Ash | 5.79 | 9.98 | 2.89 |
Carbohydrates | 64.5 | 49.7 | 66.2 |
Fibers | 42.8 | 21 | 15.4 |
Total sugars | 0.41 | 0.9 | 1.45 |
Source | Study | Pretreatments | Biological Activity | Key Findings | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Wheat bran | in vitro | Ultrafine grinding: Coarse wheat bran Medium wheat bran Fine wheat bran Superfine wheat bran | Antioxidant activity; Digestive enzymes inhibitory activities | p-coumaric acid content in superfine WB was five times higher; Phenolic compounds bioaccessibility was increased by 65.51%; Starch digestibility was reduced. | [32] |
in vivo | Enzyme pretreatment (xylanase, cellulose, β-glucanase, and feruloyl-esterase) Yeast fermentation (Baker’s Yeast) | Antioxidant capacity; Anti-inflammatory properties | Phenylpropionic acid and 3-hydroxyphenylpropionic acid were the main colonic metabolites identified; The pro-:anti-inflammatory cytokines ratio was significantly lower after the consumption of 300 g of bioprocessed bran-based bread for 3 days. | [54] | |
in vitro | Grinding | Antioxidant activity | The extracted xylose, mannose, glucose, and galactose exhibited remarkable antioxidant activities (DPPH, ABTS, hydroxyl, and superoxide radical scavenging tests) | [56] | |
in vivo | - | Prebiotic effect | Arabino-xylan-oligosaccharide provided prebiotic properties increasing fecal bifidobacteria and postprandial ferulic acid concentrations. | [74] | |
Rice bran | in vitro | Extrusion | Antioxidant activity; | Extractability of the bound phenolics was increased; Increased free bound and total phenolic content by 23.0%, 50.7%, and 36.3%; No effect was observed on CAA antioxidant activity; Bioaccessibile phenolics increased by 40.5% | [52] |
in vitro | Fungal fermentation | Antioxidant activity; | Extractability of the bound phenolics was increased; Increased free bound and total phenolic content by 99.4%, 40%, and 71.6%; ORAC antioxidant activity increased 1.8-fold; CAA antioxidant activity increased 4.1-fold; Bioaccessibile phenolics increased by 64.5% | [52] | |
in vitro | Enzymatic pretreatment (protease from Aspergillus oryzae) | Anti-diabetic activity; Antioxidant activity; | Dipeptides Ile-Pro, Met-Pro, Val-Pro, and Leu-Pro had shown inhibitory activity against DPP-IV (dipeptidylpeptidase-IV); No inhibitory activity against human maltase–glucoamylase was observed. | [43] | |
in vivo (animal study-mouse model) | Maceration in ethanol | Neuroinflammatory responses (memory and cognitive performance) | Spatial working, reference memory, and non-spatial recognition memory were improved | [60] | |
in vivo (animal study-mouse model) | Enzymatic hydrolysis | Antioxidant capacity; Anti-inflammatory properties | Oxidative stress was reduced; Ferulic acid and γ-oryzanol reduced pro-inflammatory monocyte phenotype; Atherosclerosis-related oxidative stress and inflammation were reduced. | [62] | |
in vivo (animal study-mouse model) | Fermentation with Aspergillus oryzae | Anti-inflammatory activity; Anti-mutagenic effects | Fermented brown rice and rice bran provided chemopreventive effectiveness against inflammation-related carcinogenesis | [68] | |
Oat bran | in vivo (animal study-mouse model) | Grinding | Antidiabetic activity; Carbohydrate hydrolyzing inhibitory activity; Antihyperglycaemia activity. | The samples with 70% wheat, 20% soy cake, 5% rice bran, and 5% oat bran provided low glycaemic index, high carbohydrate hydrolyzing enzyme inhibitory potential, and blood glucose lowering potential. | [65] |
in vivo | Maceration | Antidiabetic activity | The samples with plantain 60%, soy cake 30%, rice bran 5%, and oat bran 5% had the highest blood glucose-reducing activity. | [66] |
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Nemes, S.A.; Călinoiu, L.F.; Dulf, F.V.; Fărcas, A.C.; Vodnar, D.C. Integrated Technology for Cereal Bran Valorization: Perspectives for a Sustainable Industrial Approach. Antioxidants 2022, 11, 2159. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox11112159
Nemes SA, Călinoiu LF, Dulf FV, Fărcas AC, Vodnar DC. Integrated Technology for Cereal Bran Valorization: Perspectives for a Sustainable Industrial Approach. Antioxidants. 2022; 11(11):2159. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox11112159
Chicago/Turabian StyleNemes, Silvia Amalia, Lavinia Florina Călinoiu, Francisc Vasile Dulf, Anca Corina Fărcas, and Dan Cristian Vodnar. 2022. "Integrated Technology for Cereal Bran Valorization: Perspectives for a Sustainable Industrial Approach" Antioxidants 11, no. 11: 2159. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox11112159