Ecotoxicity of Copper(I) Chloride in Grooved Carpet Shell (Ruditapes decussatus)
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Sampling and Acclimation Phase
2.3. Experimental Design
2.3.1. Preparation and Quantification of Copper in Water
2.3.2. Lethal Concentration (LC50)
2.3.3. Sub-Acute Trial and Sampling Procedures
2.4. Oxidative Stress Biomarkers in Clams
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Organ | Phase | Copper Treatment (CuCl mg/L) | SEM | Phase·mg/L | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Biomarker | Exposure | 96 Withdrawal Hours | Control | 0.045 | 0.45 | 0.90 | ||
Digestive Gland | ||||||||
CAT | 94.76 B | 133.47 A | 109.43 ab | 104.46 b | 118.70 ab | 123.88 a | 3.09 | NS |
GSH+2GSSG | 120.37 A | 76.41 B | 75.10 | 101.96 | 105.43 | 11.05 | 5.88 | NS |
GSTs | 139.95 B | 178.74 A | 134.52 b | 150.96 ab | 173.28 a | 178.61 a | 5.07 | NS |
Se-GPx | 36.03 B | 50.13 A | 30.58 B | 36.59 B | 51.50 A | 53.64 A | 2.01 | *** |
SOD | 2.18 B | 2.93 A | 2.33 | 2.49 | 2.66 | 2.74 | 0.07 | NS |
Gills | ||||||||
CAT | 55.56 | 51.82 | 55.45 | 54.99 | 54.18 | 50.12 | 1.51 | NS |
GSH+2GSSG | 214.39 | 213.10 | 202.75 | 207.85 | 219.25 | 225.12 | 3.85 | NS |
GSTs | 318.72 A | 238.48 B | 289.58 a | 309.54 a | 281.23 ab | 234.03 b | 8.35 | NS |
Se-GPx | 20.21 b | 25.36 a | 21.58 | 21.25 | 23.71 | 24.61 | 0.88 | NS |
SOD | 5.27 B | 6.56 A | 6.14 A | 6.84 A | 6.09 A | 4.58 B | 0.22 | *** |
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Esposito, G.; Pastorino, P.; Prearo, M.; Magara, G.; Cesarani, A.; Freitas, R.; Caldaroni, B.; Meloni, D.; Pais, A.; Dondo, A.; et al. Ecotoxicity of Copper(I) Chloride in Grooved Carpet Shell (Ruditapes decussatus). Antioxidants 2022, 11, 2148. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox11112148
Esposito G, Pastorino P, Prearo M, Magara G, Cesarani A, Freitas R, Caldaroni B, Meloni D, Pais A, Dondo A, et al. Ecotoxicity of Copper(I) Chloride in Grooved Carpet Shell (Ruditapes decussatus). Antioxidants. 2022; 11(11):2148. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox11112148
Chicago/Turabian StyleEsposito, Giuseppe, Paolo Pastorino, Marino Prearo, Gabriele Magara, Alberto Cesarani, Rosa Freitas, Barbara Caldaroni, Domenico Meloni, Antonio Pais, Alessandro Dondo, and et al. 2022. "Ecotoxicity of Copper(I) Chloride in Grooved Carpet Shell (Ruditapes decussatus)" Antioxidants 11, no. 11: 2148. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox11112148