Reading Deficits in Intellectual Disability Are still an Open Question: A Narrative Review
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Method
2.1. Study Design
2.2. Search Strategy
2.3. Selection Criteria
2.4. Selection, Procedures, Screening and Data Elaboration
3. Data Synthesis
3.1. Methodological Considerations in Control Group Selection
4. Results
4.1. Studies Based on the Mental-Age Matching Design
4.2. Studies Based on the Reading-Level Design
4.3. Studies Based on Standard Zeta Scores or Chronological Match
5. Discussion
6. Implications for Clinical Practice and Research
7. Limitations
8. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Reference | n | Age at Assessment M (SD) Years | IQ | Decoding Skill Measures | Group-Matching Design | Decoding Skills: Findings | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
FXS | Johnson-Glenberg (2008) [37] | n = 15 males with FXS n = 22 TD males n = 13 TD males | Mean age = 20.6 (range 11.5–38.1) Mean age = 5.5 (range 3.11–8.3) Mean age = 7.6 (range 5.4–8.3) | Mean mental age = 5.30 (SD = 1.26) (Stanford-Binet) | Accuracy: word identification (WRMT-R) word attack (WRMT-R) | Mental-age Word reading-age | FXS > TD mental age group on word identification TD age word reading group > FXS on word attack |
FXS | Klusek et al. (2015) [38] | n = 51 males with FXS n = 35 TD males | Mean age = 10 (range 7.9–13.2) Mean age = 5.1 (range 3.3–7.4) | IQ = 56 (36–74) mean mental age = 5.4 (SD = 0.6) (range 4.1–6.7) (Leiter-r) | Accuracy: letter-word identification (WJ-R) word attack (WJ-R) | Mental-age | FXS > TD on letter-word identification FXS-TD = NS on word attack |
WS | Laing et al. (2001) [39] | n = 15 males with WS n = 15 TD males | Mean age = 15.1 (range 9–27.7) Mean age = 6.9 (range 5–9.2) | General Cognitive Ability = 43.8 (SD = 5.12) (range 39 to 54) (BAS) | Accuracy: single word reading (WORD); nonword reading (GNRT) | Mental-age | WS > TD on word reading WS-TD = NS on nonword reading |
WS | Menghini et al. (2004) [40] | n = 16; 10 males, 6 females with WS n = 16; 10 TD males, 6 TD females | Mean age = 17.7 (range 10.9–30.2) Chronological age range 6.2–8.6 | Mental age = 7 (range 5.2–10.2) (Stanford-Binet) | Accuracy: word reading nonword reading Speed: word reading nonword reading (DDE) | Mental-age | TD > WS on accuracy nonword; WS-TD = NS on word accuracy and on word and nonword speed |
WS | Garayzabal-Heize et al. (2008) [41] | n = 12; 5 males, 7 females with WS n = 12; 6 TD males, 6 TD females | Mean age = 12.4 (range 8–15) Mean age = 7.9 (range 6–9) | Mean IQ = 50.6 (WISC) Mean agemental verbal = 7.8 (PPVT) | Accuracy: word reading nonword reading Speed: word reading nonword reading (PROLEC-R) | Mental-age | TD > WS on accuracy and speed word; TD-WS = NS on accuracy and speed nonword; |
VCFS | Swillen et al. (1999) [42] | n = 9; 4 males, 5 females with VCFS | Mean age = 10.5 (range 6.10–12.10 years) | Mean FSIQ = 74 (SD = 3.70) (WISC-R) | Accuracy and speed: word decoding (Brus-EMT) Accuracy and speed: Klepel-Pseudoword-test | Raw scores obtained on each of the tests were standardized using published age-based norms (z-scores) | Mean z-scores word and pseudoword decoding = age-based norms. |
VCFS | Lewandowski et al. (2007) [43] | n = 26, 16 males, 10 females with VCFS n = 25, 13 males, 12 females TD | Mean age = 9.3 (SD = 2.6) (range 7–16 years) Mean age = 9.7 (SD = 2.4) (range 7–16 years) | Mean FSIQ = 70.7 (SD = 12.4) (WISC-III) | Accuracy and automaticity: word reading (WIAT-II) Accuracy: pseudoword decoding (WIAT-II) | Chronological age and gender | TD > VCFS on word reading VCFS-TD = NS on pseudoword decoding |
DS | Cossu et al. (1993) [44] | n = 10 DS n = 10 TD | Mean age = 11.4 (range 8–15.8 years) Mean age = 7.3 (range 6.9–7.9 years) | IQ = 44 (range 40–56) (WISC) | Accuracy: word reading nonword reading | Reading-level | TD-DS = NS on nonword reading |
DS | Gombert (2002) [45] | n = 11 DS n = 11 TD | Mean age = 13.9 (range 10.5–20.0 years) Mean age = 7.1 (range 6.6–8.1 years) | IQ = 47 (range 44–50) (WISC) | Accuracy: word reading irregular word reading; nonword reading; (neighbor and non-neighbor) | Reading-level | TD-DS = NS on accuracy word and irregular reading TD-DS = NS on neighbor and non-neighbor nonword reading |
DS | Snowling et al. (2002) [46] | n = 29 DS n = 31 TD | Mean age = 13.2 (range 6.11–17.6 years) Mean age = 5.3 (range 4.6–6.5 years) | Vocabulary: age equivalent in months = 4.1 (range 1.09–8.07) (BPVS) | Accuracy: single word reading (BAS) nonword reading (GNRT) | Reading-level | TD-DS = NSon nonword reading |
DS | Verucci et al. (2006) [47] | n = 17 DS n = 17 TD | Mean age = 16.5 (range 7.7–28.5 years) Mean age = 7 (range 6.2–8.6 years) | Mental age = 6.2 (range 5.2–7.8) | Accuracy: word reading nonword reading Speed: word reading nonword reading (DDE) | Reading-level | TD > DS: on accuracy nonword reading TD-DS = NS on speed nonword reading |
DS | Kay-Raining Bird et al. (2008) [48] | n = 20 DS n = 17 TD children | Mean age = 171.7 months (range 8.6–19.10 years) Mean age = 81.2 months (range 4.9–10.9 years) | Vocabulary age equivalent in months = 71.9 (SD = 23.1), (range 28–126) (PPVT-R) | Accuracy: word identification; word attack; (WRMT) | Reading-level | TD > DS: on nonword reading |
DS | Roch et al. (2008) [49] | n = 12 DS n = 14 TD children | Mean age = 18 years 11 months (range 10.5–26.7) Mean age = 7 years 3 months (range 6.10–7.3) | Vocabulary: age equivalent in months = 97.17 (SD = 27.93) (BPVS-II) | Accuracy: word reading; nonword reading; Speed: word reading; nonword reading; | Reading-level | TD-DS = NS on speed nonword reading TD > DS: on accuracy nonword reading |
DS | Nash et al. (2011) [50] | n = 13; 1 male, 12 females with DS n = 13 TD-reading ability, 2 males, 11 females n = 13 TD-comprehension ability, 6 males, 7 females n = 13 TD-poor comprehenders, 4 males, 9 females | Mean age (months) = 185.92 (range 11.4–19.3 years) Mean age (months) = 109.92 Mean age (months) = 103.23 Mean age (months) = 114.00 | Vocabulary knowledge = 83.92 (SD = 14.63) (BPVS-II) | Accuracy: single word reading (BAS-II) nonword reading (GNRT) | Reading-level | TD > DS: on nonword reading |
DS | Hulme et al. (2012) [51] | n = 49 DS, 22 males, 27 females n = 61 TD, 31 males, 30 girls | Mean age = 13.8 (range 8–17 years) Mean age = 6.1 (range 5–7 years) | Non-verbal ability; naming vocabulary; (BAS-II) (BPVS-II) | Accuracy: word reading (EWRT; BAS-II) nonword reading | Reading-level | TD > DS: on accuracy word reading TD > DS: on nonword reading |
DS | Mengoni et al. (2014) [52] | n = 16; 5 males, 11 females with DS n = 16 TD males | Mean age = 13.8 (range 8–17 years) Mean age = 6.1 (range 5–7 years) | Matrices age-equivalent = 5 (SD = 1.03) (range 4–7.03) (WPPSI-III) | Accuracy: word reading (YARC) nonword reading (GNRT) | Reading-level | DS > TD = on word reading DS-TD = NS on nonword reading |
DS | Lovell et al. (2016) [53] | n = 20 DS, 8 males, 12 females; n = 20 TD, 12 males, 8 females | Mean age = 16.16 (range 11–20 years) Mean age = 7.33 (range 5–9 years) | IQ = 47.75 (SD = 8.73) (KBIT-2) | Accuracy: word identification (WRMT-III) word attack (WRMT-III) | Reading-level | TD > DS: on nonword reading |
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Di Blasi, F.D.; Buono, S.; Città, S.; Costanzo, A.A.; Zoccolotti, P. Reading Deficits in Intellectual Disability Are still an Open Question: A Narrative Review. Brain Sci. 2018, 8, 146. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci8080146
Di Blasi FD, Buono S, Città S, Costanzo AA, Zoccolotti P. Reading Deficits in Intellectual Disability Are still an Open Question: A Narrative Review. Brain Sciences. 2018; 8(8):146. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci8080146
Chicago/Turabian StyleDi Blasi, Francesco Domenico, Serafino Buono, Santina Città, Angela Antonia Costanzo, and Pierluigi Zoccolotti. 2018. "Reading Deficits in Intellectual Disability Are still an Open Question: A Narrative Review" Brain Sciences 8, no. 8: 146. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci8080146