Depression, Olfaction, and Quality of Life: A Mutual Relationship
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Depression
3. Olfaction
3.1. Functioning of Olfactory Perception
3.2. Evaluation of Olfactory Functions
4. What Is the Link between Olfaction and Depression?
4.1. Anatomical Link
4.2. Olfaction: A Marker of Depression?
5. Quality of Life: Definition and Evaluation
6. Impact of Olfactory Disorders on Quality of Life
7. Olfaction: A New Therapeutic Tool?
7.1. Animal Model and Odorants
7.2. Use of Odors in Humans
8. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Brain Areas | Olfaction | Depression | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Observations | References | Observations | References | |
Olfactory bulb |
| Brand, 2001 [50] |
| Song and Leonard, 2005 [15] |
| Negoias et al. 2010 [63] | |||
Amygdala |
| Pouliot and Jones-Gotman, 2008 [67] |
| Drevets, 2003 [68] |
Hippocampus |
| Kesner et al. 2002 [65] |
| Lemogne et al. 2006 [66] |
| Campbell et al. 2004 [33] | |||
Orbitofrontal cortex |
| Grabenhorst et al. 2011 [72] Zald and Pardo, 1997 [71] |
| Rogers et al. 2004 [69] |
| Zald et al. 2002 [73] | |||
Cingulate cortex |
| Fulbright et al. 1998 [76] |
| Phillips et al. 2003 [74] |
van Tol et al. 2010 [35] | ||||
Bhagwagar et al. 2008 [75] | ||||
Insula |
| Veldhuizen et al. 2010 [78] |
| Sliz and Hayley, 2012 [79] |
Habenula |
| Da Costa et al. 1997 [81] |
| Shumake et al. 2003 [80] |
| Hikosaka et al. 2008 [82] |
Study | Number of Patients Female (f)/Male (m) | Mean Age ± Standard Deviation | Measures and Tools | Conclusions |
---|---|---|---|---|
Swiecicki et al. (2009) [89] | D: 46 (f) C: 30 (f) | D: 38.2 ± 1.6 C: 35.4 ± 2.1 | One testing session | |
Sniffin’ Stick Test: | ||||
|
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|
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|
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Scinska et al. (2008) [88] | D: 25 (17/7) C: 60 (38/22) | D: 67.2 ± 1.2 C: 66.7 ± 0.9 | One testing session | |
Sniffin’ Stick Test: | ||||
|
| |||
|
| |||
Postolache et al. (1999) [87] | D: 24 C: 24 | D: 42.8 ± 9.7 C: 42.1 ± 11.8 | One testing session | |
|
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|
| |||
Negoias et al. (2010) [63] | D: 21 (17/4) C: 21 (15/6) | D: 36.9 ± 10.1 C: 39.6 ± 11.4 | One testing session | |
Sniffin’ Stick test: | ||||
|
| |||
|
| |||
|
| |||
Lombion-Pouthier et al. (2006) [85] | D: 49 (35/14) C: 58 (36/22) | D: 43.4 ± 17.5 C: 38.4 ± 13.9 | One testing session | |
Olfactory test (Ezus) | ||||
|
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|
| |||
|
| |||
|
| |||
|
| |||
Pause et al. (2001) [86] | D: 24 (15/9) C: 25 (15/9) | D: 48.4 ± 13.2 C: 44.2 ± 12.6 | Two testing sessions (S1 and S2) | |
|
| |||
|
| |||
Pentzek et al. (2007) [99] | C: 20 (15/5) C: 30 (24/6) | D: 73.4 ± 5.6 C: 77.1 ± 6.8 | One testing session | |
Sniffin’ Stick Test | ||||
|
| |||
McCaffrey et al. (2000) [98] | D: 20 (11/9) A: 20 (13/7) | D: 67.55 ± 7.29 A: 74.15 ± 7.86 | One testing session | |
|
| |||
Solomon et al. (1998) [100] | D: 20 (13/7) A: 20 (12/8) | D: 69.4 ± 7.7 A: 74.5 ± 7.7 | One testing session | |
|
| |||
Kopala et al. (1994) [97] | D: 21 (13/8) C: 77 (47/30) | D: 37.0 ± 9.6 C: 32.5 ± 11.1 | One testing session | |
UPSIT | ||||
|
| |||
Amsterdam et al. (1987) [96] | D: 51 (34/17) C: 51 (34/17) | D: 43 ± 13 (f); 49 ± 14 (m) C: age-matched | One testing session | |
UPSIT | ||||
|
| |||
Naudin et al. (2012) [46] | D: 20 (12/6) C: 54 (36/18) | D: 50.1 ± 13.3 C: 49.5 ± 12.5 | Two testing sessions (during acute phase of depression and after 6 weeks of antidepressant treatment) | |
| ||||
|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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Zucco and Bollini (2011) [94] | Mild D: 12 (6/6) Severe D: 12 (6/6) C: 12 (6/6) | Mild D: 41.3 ± 6.4 Severe D: 41.9 ± 6.2 C: 39.8 ± 7.1 | One testing session | |
|
| |||
|
| |||
Atanasova et al. (2010) [95] | D: 30 (12/18) C: 30 (12/18) | D: 34.6 ± 11.1 C: 33.4 ± 9.9 | One testing session | |
| ||||
|
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|
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|
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|
| |||
|
| |||
Clepce et al. (2010) [92] | D: 37 (21/16) C: 37 (21/16) | D: 48.3 ± 11.9 (m); 47.5 ± 11.3 (f) C: age-matched | Two testing sessions (during acute phase of depression and six months after the 1st phase) | |
Sniffin’ Stick Test: | ||||
|
| |||
|
| |||
Pollatos et al. (2007) [91] | D: 48 (34/14) | 28.2 ± 5.8 | One testing session | |
Sniffin’ Stick test: | ||||
|
| |||
|
| |||
Croy et al. (2014) [27] | D: 27 (f) C: 28 (f) | D: 38.5 ± 10.6 C: 353 ± 10.3 | Two testing sessions (before and after therapy) | |
Sniffin’ Stick test: | ||||
|
| |||
|
| |||
|
| |||
Atanasova et al. (2012) [101] | D: 30 (12/18) C: 30 (12/18) | D: 36.6 ± 11.1 C: 33.4 ± 9.9 | One testing session | |
| ||||
|
| |||
Naudin et al. (2014) [47] | D: 22 (16/6) C: 41 (24/17) | D: 33,2 ± 11.2 C: 34 ± 11 | Two testing sessions (one during acute phase of depression and 100 days ± 64 after the 1st phase) | |
| ||||
|
| |||
Naudin et al. (2014) [102] | D: 20 (15/5) A: 20 (14/6) C: 24 (17/9) | D: 64.9 ± 11.2 A: 73.0 ± 11.2 C: 67.0 ± 12.7 | One testing session (in elderly) | |
| ||||
|
| |||
|
| |||
Gross-Isseroff et al. (1994) [90] | D: 9 (8/1) C: 9 (8/1) | D: 49 ± 4.6 C: 49.1 ± 4.8 | Three testing sessions (1st: acute phase of depression; 2nd: three weeks after the 1st and 3rd: sox weeks after the 1st) | |
|
| |||
Serby et al. (1990) [93] | D: 9 (m) C: 9 (m) | D: 50–59 years old C: age-matched | One testing phase | |
|
| |||
|
| |||
Thomas et al. (2002) [103] | D: 16 C: 16 | i.i. |
|
|
|
| |||
Postolache et al. (2002) [104] | SAD: 14 (7/7) C: 16 (9/7) | SAD: 42.3 ± 11.5 C: 39.0 ± 10.0 | One testing session | |
|
| |||
Oren et al. (1995) [105] | SAD: 21 (16/9) C: 21 (16/9) | SAD: 38 ± 9 C: 38 ± 9 | One testing session | |
|
| |||
Kamath et al. (2017) [106] | BPI: 43 (28/15) BPII: 48 (29/19) D: 134 (97/34) Anxiety: 48 (36/12) C: 72 (30/42) | BPI: 43.66 ± 15.6 BPII: 44.85 ± 15.6 D: 50.31 ± 14.87 Anxiety: 48.78 ± 17.12 C: 50.50 ± 18.09 | One testing session | |
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Share and Cite
Rochet, M.; El-Hage, W.; Richa, S.; Kazour, F.; Atanasova, B. Depression, Olfaction, and Quality of Life: A Mutual Relationship. Brain Sci. 2018, 8, 80. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci8050080
Rochet M, El-Hage W, Richa S, Kazour F, Atanasova B. Depression, Olfaction, and Quality of Life: A Mutual Relationship. Brain Sciences. 2018; 8(5):80. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci8050080
Chicago/Turabian StyleRochet, Marion, Wissam El-Hage, Sami Richa, François Kazour, and Boriana Atanasova. 2018. "Depression, Olfaction, and Quality of Life: A Mutual Relationship" Brain Sciences 8, no. 5: 80. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci8050080
APA StyleRochet, M., El-Hage, W., Richa, S., Kazour, F., & Atanasova, B. (2018). Depression, Olfaction, and Quality of Life: A Mutual Relationship. Brain Sciences, 8(5), 80. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci8050080