Lead Excretion in Spanish Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder
Abstract
:1. Introduction
- (1)
- To measured urinary Pb concentration in children with ASD and typically developing (TD) children.
- (2)
- Next, we evaluated the relationship between urine Pb levels and the severity of core symptoms of ASD (deficit in communication, socialization and restricted/stereotyped activities) according to the fourth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DMS-IV).
- (3)
- Finally, we studied the influence of several factors such as age, sex, medication, diet, or other neurological comorbidities (sleep or gastrointestinal problems, epilepsy, food allergies/intolerances, level of verbality, etc.) in these associations in order to find any relationship with urinary Pb concentration.
2. Experimental Section
2.1. Participants
2.2. Evaluation of Core Symptoms
2.3. Medical Interview and Evaluation
2.4. Pb Analysis
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Description of the Sample, Evaluation of Core Symptoms and Other Clinical Features
Age (years) | ASD children: 7.4 ± 0.5 |
range (4–13 years) | |
TD children: 7.7 ± 0.9 | |
Range (4–13 years) | |
Gender | ASD children: 25 boys 10 girls |
TD children: 24 boys 10 girls | |
Body mass index | ASD children: 18.4 ± 0.5 |
range (14–25) | |
TD children 18.7 ± 0.8 | |
(range 15–26) | |
Head circumference (percentile rank) | 61 ± 5 |
range (2–100) | |
ASD type | 30 Autism, 5 NOS-PPD |
Score of socialization deficit (ADI-R subscale) | 20.9 ± 2.1 |
Score of communication deficit (ADI-R subscale) | 22.4 ± 2.9 |
Score of repetitive/restricted behaviours (ADI-R subscale) | 7.2 ± 1.1 |
Total ADI-R score | 50.4 ± 4.4 |
3.2. Evaluation of Urinary Pb Concentration
3.3. Correlation between Pb and Core Autism Spectrum Disorder Symptoms
3.4. Analysis of Possible Confounding Factors
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
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Fuentes-Albero, M.; Puig-Alcaraz, C.; Cauli, O. Lead Excretion in Spanish Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder. Brain Sci. 2015, 5, 58-68. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci5010058
Fuentes-Albero M, Puig-Alcaraz C, Cauli O. Lead Excretion in Spanish Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder. Brain Sciences. 2015; 5(1):58-68. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci5010058
Chicago/Turabian StyleFuentes-Albero, Milagros, Carmen Puig-Alcaraz, and Omar Cauli. 2015. "Lead Excretion in Spanish Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder" Brain Sciences 5, no. 1: 58-68. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci5010058
APA StyleFuentes-Albero, M., Puig-Alcaraz, C., & Cauli, O. (2015). Lead Excretion in Spanish Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder. Brain Sciences, 5(1), 58-68. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci5010058