Low-Intensity Transcranial Ultrasound Stimulation: Mechanisms of Action and Rationale for Future Applications in Movement Disorders
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. TUS Effects in Healthy Animals and Humans
3. Possible Applications of TUS in Movement Disorders
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Reference | Study Subjects | Target area | TUS Parameters | Stimulation Protocol | Key Findings | Significance |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Zhou et al., 2019 [31] | Parkinsonian rats | M1 | 800 kHz, 100 Hz PRF, 10% DC, 6 s SD, 10 s ISI, 760 mW/cm2 ISPPA | 40 min/day for 7 days | - Improved locomotor activity, movement balance and bradykinesia - Increased c-Fos + cells in M1 and total SOD and GPx activity in the striatum | M1-TUS ameliorates motor symptoms and exerts antioxidative effects in PD |
Wang et al., 2020 [28] | Parkinsonian mice | STN | 500 kHz, 1 kHz PRF, 5% DC, 50 ms SD, 1 s ISI, 5.1 W/cm2 ISPPA | 5 min total stimulation time | - Decreased beta power - Decreased beta-gamma and beta-ripple frequency PAC | STN-TUS improves the typical pattern of altered oscillatory activity in PD |
Xu et al., 2020 [29] | Parkinsonian mice | Whole brain | 1 MHz, continuous mode DC, 0.3 W/cm2 ISPPA (unfocused TUS) | 5 min/day for 10 days | - Improved locomotion - Increased dopamine levels in the striatum | TUS ameliorates motor symptoms and may induce dopaminergic neurons regeneration |
Zhou et al., 2021 [30] | Parkinsonian mice | STN | 3.8 MHz, 1 kHz PRF, 50% DC, 1 s SD, 4 s ISI, 430 mW/cm2 ISPTA | 2 sessions per week for 5 weeks | - Improved movement coordination, balance, and bradykinesia - Increased c-Fos expression in the STN - Downregulation of proinflammatory signaling and reduced activation of microglia and astrocytes in the SN and the striatum | STN-TUS improves motor functions and suppresses the neuroinflammation response in basal ganglia in PD |
Chen et al., 2021 [27] | Parkinsonian mice | Whole brain | 1 MHz, 1 kHz PRF, 20% DC, ≈120 mW/cm2 ISPTA (unfocused TUS) | 10 min/day for 5 days | - Improved movement and balance - Decreased loss of TH + neurons in the SN - Improved intracellular oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction | TUS improves motor dysfunctions and may have neuroprotective effects in PD |
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Guerra, A.; Bologna, M. Low-Intensity Transcranial Ultrasound Stimulation: Mechanisms of Action and Rationale for Future Applications in Movement Disorders. Brain Sci. 2022, 12, 611. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci12050611
Guerra A, Bologna M. Low-Intensity Transcranial Ultrasound Stimulation: Mechanisms of Action and Rationale for Future Applications in Movement Disorders. Brain Sciences. 2022; 12(5):611. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci12050611
Chicago/Turabian StyleGuerra, Andrea, and Matteo Bologna. 2022. "Low-Intensity Transcranial Ultrasound Stimulation: Mechanisms of Action and Rationale for Future Applications in Movement Disorders" Brain Sciences 12, no. 5: 611. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci12050611