Caring for a Relative with Dementia: Determinants and Gender Differences of Caregiver Burden in the Rural Setting
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Family Caregiver and Caregiver Burden
1.2. Gender and Caregiver Burden
1.3. The Rural Setting
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Sampling
2.2. Instruments
2.3. Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
4.1. Gender Aspects
4.2. Effects of Kinship and Cohabititation
4.3. Employment
4.4. Care Duration and Dependency of the PwD
4.5. Service Utilisation
4.6. Path Model and Pearlin’s Four Dimensions Contributing to Caregiver Burden
4.7. Strengths and Limitations
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
References
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Male Caregiver (n = 27) | Female Caregiver (n = 86) | Overall (n = 113) | p-Value | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Age (years) | ||||
Mean (SD) | 61.4 (18.4) | 60.5 (13.8) | 60.7 (14.9) | 0.830 1 |
Relationship with PwD | ||||
Spouse or partner | 10 (37.0%) | 25 (29.8%) | 35 (31.5%) | 0.803 2 |
Mother/father | 14 (51.9%) | 37 (44.0%) | 51 (45.9%) | |
Sister/brother | 0 (0.0%) | 2 (2.4%) | 2 (1.8%) | |
Daughter/son | 1 (3.7%) | 6 (7.1%) | 7 (6.3%) | |
Daughter/son in law | 0 (0.0%) | 2 (2.4%) | 2 (1.8%) | |
Grandmother/grandfather | 1 (3.7%) | 6 (7.1%) | 7 (6.3%) | |
Friend | 1 (3.7%) | 6 (7.1%) | 7 (6.3%) | |
Marital status | ||||
Married/cohabitation | 22 (81.5%) | 62 (72.1%) | 84 (74.3%) | 0.218 2 |
Separated/divorced | 2 (7.4%) | 17 (19.8%) | 19 (16.8%) | |
Widowed | 0 (0.0%) | 3 (3.5%) | 3 (2.7%) | |
Single | 3 (11.1%) | 4 (4.7%) | 7 (6.2%) | |
Education | ||||
Compulsory school | 4 (16.0%) | 11 (13.3%) | 15 (13.9%) | 0.875 2 |
Apprenticeship | 8 (32.0%) | 28 (33.7%) | 36 (33.3%) | |
Technical or commercial school | 4 (16.0%) | 20 (24.1%) | 24 (22.2%) | |
High school degree | 6 (24.0%) | 14 (16.9%) | 20 (18.5%) | |
(Technical) college/university | 3 (12.0%) | 10 (12.0%) | 13 (12.0%) | |
Monthly net household income (€) | ||||
Less than 1000 | 1 (4.17%) | 28 (40.0%) | 29 (30.9%) | 0.001 2 |
1001 to 1500 | 4 (16.7%) | 20 (28.6%) | 24 (25.5%) | |
1501 to 2000 | 10 (41.7%) | 12 (17.1%) | 22 (23.4%) | |
2001 to 2500 | 6 (25.0%) | 7 (10.0%) | 13 (13.8%) | |
2501 to 4000 | 3 (12.5%) | 3 (4.3%) | 6 (6.4%) | |
Population at place of residence | ||||
Less than 2000 | 4 (15.4%) | 3 (3.7%) | 7 (6.5%) | 0.187 2 |
2001 to 5000 | 7 (26.9%) | 36 (44.4%) | 43 (40.2%) | |
5001 to 10,000 | 3 (11.5%) | 14 (17.3%) | 17 (15.9%) | |
10,001 to 15,000 | 5 (19.2%) | 13 (16.0%) | 18 (16.8%) | |
15,001 to 20,000 | 3 (11.5%) | 4 (4.94%) | 7 (6.5%) | |
20,001 or more | 4 (15.4%) | 11 (13.6%) | 15 (14.0%) | |
Employment | ||||
Full time | 13 (50.0%) | 10 (11.9%) | 23 (20.9%) | <0.001 2 |
Part time | 0 (0%) | 22 (26.2%) | 22 (20.0%) | |
Retired | 12 (46.2%) | 42 (50.0%) | 54 (49.1%) | |
Not working | 1 (3.85%) | 10 (11.9%) | 11 (10.0%) | |
Cohabitation with PwD | ||||
No | 10 (37.0%) | 34 (39.5%) | 44 (38.9%) | 0.995 2 |
Yes | 17 (63.0%) | 52 (60.5%) | 69 (61.1%) | |
Burden level (BSFC-s) | ||||
Mean (SD) | 11.6 (4.77) | 14.2 (8.20) | 13.6 (7.63) | 0.055 1 |
Disruptive behaviour (NOSGER scale) | ||||
Mean (SD) | 10.9 (2.99) | 9.97 (3.05) | 10.2 (3.04) | 0.249 1 |
Barthel Index | ||||
Mean (SD) | 76.0 (19.9) | 63.5 (26.5) | 66.5 (25.5) | 0.026 1 |
Median [Min, Max] | 75.0 [40.0, 100] | 65.0 [0, 100] | 70.0 [0, 100] | |
Quality of Life (EUROHIS-QOL) | ||||
Mean (SD) | 3.73 (0.555) | 3.69 (0.661) | 3.70 (0.637) | 0.779 1 |
Median [Min, Max] | 3.63 [2.75, 4.75] | 3.75 [2.13, 5.00] | 3.75 [2.13, 5.00] | |
Caregiving duration (years) | ||||
Mean (SD) | 2.72 (1.53) | 5.30 (4.38) | 4.67 (4.03) | <0.001 1 |
Weekly caregiving (days) | ||||
Mean (SD) | 6.13 (1.78) | 5.56 (2.10) | 5.69 (2.04) | 0.196 1 |
Daily caregiving (hours) | ||||
Mean (SD) | 4.88 (5.25) | 8.39 (8.43) | 7.54 (7.91) | 0.016 1 |
Home nursing service usage | ||||
No | 6 (22.2%) | 35 (44.9%) | 41 (39.0%) | 0.064 2 |
Yes | 21 (77.8%) | 43 (55.1%) | 64 (61.0%) |
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Schaffler-Schaden, D.; Krutter, S.; Seymer, A.; Eßl-Maurer, R.; Flamm, M.; Osterbrink, J. Caring for a Relative with Dementia: Determinants and Gender Differences of Caregiver Burden in the Rural Setting. Brain Sci. 2021, 11, 1511. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci11111511
Schaffler-Schaden D, Krutter S, Seymer A, Eßl-Maurer R, Flamm M, Osterbrink J. Caring for a Relative with Dementia: Determinants and Gender Differences of Caregiver Burden in the Rural Setting. Brain Sciences. 2021; 11(11):1511. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci11111511
Chicago/Turabian StyleSchaffler-Schaden, Dagmar, Simon Krutter, Alexander Seymer, Roland Eßl-Maurer, Maria Flamm, and Jürgen Osterbrink. 2021. "Caring for a Relative with Dementia: Determinants and Gender Differences of Caregiver Burden in the Rural Setting" Brain Sciences 11, no. 11: 1511. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci11111511