Slag as an Inventory Material for Heat Storage in a Concentrated Solar Tower Power Plant: Design Studies and Systematic Comparative Assessment
Abstract
:Featured Application
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. State of the Art of TES in CSP Plants
3. Design of Slag-Based TES
3.1. CSP Plant Target Specifications
3.2. Considered TES Designs
3.3. Pre-Design of Storage
Dimensioning of TES
3.4. Comparative Assessment and Definition of a Lead Concept
Quality Function Deployment (QFD) and Failure Mode and Effect Analysis (FMEA)
4. Summary and Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Description | Characterization | Comments |
---|---|---|
Rated net power output of CSP plant | 150 MWel | |
TES capacity | 6.5 h (2.21 GWh) | Considering the solar multiple factor and charging duration. |
Temperature at TES inlet while charging | 700 °C | |
Temperature at TES inlet while discharging | 120 °C | |
Max. temperature drop at TES outlet while discharging | 60 °C | |
Max. pressure loss through the TES while discharging | 100 mbar | |
Discharging mass flow | 780 kg/s | At design point (12 p.m., 21 March) |
Max. charging mass flow through TES | 1080 kg/s | At design point (12 p.m., 21 March) |
Mean charging mass flow through TES | 706 kg/s | On design day (21 March) |
Charging duration | 8 h | Assumption: sinusoidal course of the sun Considering the solar multiple factor and sunshine hours |
Hours of sunshine on design day (21 March) | 12.2 h | Location: Huelva (Spain) |
Solar multiple | 2 | At design point (12 p.m., 21 March) |
TES Option | Advantage | Disadvantage |
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Vertical TES |
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Horizontal TES |
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Axial flow |
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Radial flow |
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Meander-shaped flow |
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Description | Characterization | Comments |
---|---|---|
Density | 3430 kg/m3 | |
Thermal conductivity | 1.43 W/(m K) | at 500 °C |
Specific heat capacity | 0.933 kJ/(kg K) | at 500 °C |
Group | Criterion | Description | Weighting Factor |
---|---|---|---|
Economical demand | Low investment costs | Will be calculated in a simplified way; includes inventory, containment and liner (protects insulation) costs. Simple designs without internals for flow guidance and distribution have advantages here. | 7.1 |
Low operating costs | Will be calculated in a simplified and qualitative way; includes, e.g., auxiliary power for ventilation, costs for inventory change etc. | 5.9 | |
High storage degree of utilization | Is calculated by thermal simulation; indicates the utilization of the inventory, that means how much of the inventory undergoes the full temperature increase. | 0.6 | |
Low space need | Base area of container is considered as well as the needed container number. | 1.8 | |
High operational availability | Is reduced, for example, by out of order or maintenance times of the TES. Possible bypass flows due to settlement effects and hazards to thermal insulation at hot points due to high loads are taken into account. | 10.0 | |
Long lifetime | Of the TES and its subcomponents. The higher the inventory level, the higher the forces on inventory, insulation and container. The lower the inventory level, the more gentle on the materials and the higher the potential lifetime. | 10.0 | |
Technical demand | Low expense of protection for insulation | The basis is an inner liner which is used from a storage height of 10 m. | 4.1 |
High storage degree of uniformity | Ratio of effective emitted energy over discharge duration to maximal possible energy withdrawal over discharge duration. | 9.0 | |
Low complexity | Of the construction and connection. | 7.2 | |
High degree of maturity | Commercial availability of components. Concepts already available on the market must be evaluated as better than those for which only test setups or even only drawings exist. | 10.0 | |
Good scalability | To larger or smaller storage | 8.7 | |
Low expense of system integration | Of the TES. | 6.7 | |
Low expense of fluid distribution | Good and even fluid distribution. | 3.8 | |
Low expense of insulation | Inner and outer insulation of the TES. | 3.6 | |
Low expense of filling | Filling the TES with slag pebbles. | 2.1 | |
Low maintenance effort | Level of access. In particular, good accessibility at all points is crucial here. | 6.7 | |
Low cleaning effort of working fluid | Filter mandatory? Cleaning amount of filter. | 4.6 | |
Low safety effort | Safety must be ensured but at what expense? | 1.3 |
Criteria | Description | Damage Factor * |
---|---|---|
Thermal design uncertainties | Uncertainties in material parameters, model uncertainties | 5 |
Thermomechanical design uncertainties | Uncertainties in material parameters, model uncertainties | 3 |
Fluid mechanical design uncertainties | Model uncertainties | 5 |
Material failure | Inventory, insulation | 4 |
Corrosion | Inventory, insulation, container, piping (everything that is in contact with the high temperature fluid (HTF)) | 7 |
Operating restrictions due to the complexity of the storage system | Piping, amount of container, storage installations, isolation equipment | 4 |
Operational safety | Outer damages which can influence the operational safety, e.g., fluid leaking | 9 |
Economic uncertainties | False estimation of investment and operational costs | 2 |
Lack of competition for plant components | Low amount of providers or no provider for essential components | 3 |
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Krüger, M.; Haunstetter, J.; Knödler, P.; Zunft, S. Slag as an Inventory Material for Heat Storage in a Concentrated Solar Tower Power Plant: Design Studies and Systematic Comparative Assessment. Appl. Sci. 2019, 9, 1833. https://doi.org/10.3390/app9091833
Krüger M, Haunstetter J, Knödler P, Zunft S. Slag as an Inventory Material for Heat Storage in a Concentrated Solar Tower Power Plant: Design Studies and Systematic Comparative Assessment. Applied Sciences. 2019; 9(9):1833. https://doi.org/10.3390/app9091833
Chicago/Turabian StyleKrüger, Michael, Jürgen Haunstetter, Philipp Knödler, and Stefan Zunft. 2019. "Slag as an Inventory Material for Heat Storage in a Concentrated Solar Tower Power Plant: Design Studies and Systematic Comparative Assessment" Applied Sciences 9, no. 9: 1833. https://doi.org/10.3390/app9091833