Evaluation of Sodium Omadine for Short-Term Preservation of Nitrate-N and Orthophosphate in Water Samples
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Nutrient Analyses
2.2. Statistical Analysis
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Source Water Characterization
3.2. Nutrient Concentrations from Preserved Samples
3.2.1. Nitrate-N Results
3.2.2. Orthophosphate Results
3.3. Summary of Findings
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Water Quality Indicator | Preservation Method | Maximum Holding Time |
---|---|---|
Nitrate-N | Cool 4 °C | 48 h |
Nitrite + Nitrate-N | Cool 4 °C, H2SO4 (pH below 2) | 28 days |
Orthophosphate | Filter on-site, cool 4 °C | 48 h |
Parameter | Tile Water | Pond Water | Stream Water |
---|---|---|---|
pH | 7.72 | 8.36 | 8.23 |
Conductivity (mS/cm) | 0.42 | 0.75 | 0.46 |
Turbidity (FAU) | 4 | 13 | 3 |
DAY | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0 | 0.5 | 1 | 2 | 5 | 7 | 14 | ||
High Temperature (°F) | 82 | 82 | 83 | 85 | 86 | 86 | 83 | |
Low Temperature (°F) | 57 | 57 | 60 | 60 | 68 | 65 | 61 | |
Average Temperature (°F) | 70 | 70 | 72 | 73 | 77 | 76 | 72 | |
TILE WATER | Control (no preservation) | |||||||
NO3-N (mg/L) | 14.959 | 15.026 | 14.891 | 14.541 | 14.051 | 14.350 | 14.972 | |
% change from baseline | 0.00% | 0.45% | 0.45% | −2.79% | −6.07% | −4.07% | 0.09% | |
Filtered | ||||||||
NO3-N (mg/L) | 14.715 | 14.554 | 14.880 | 15.148 | 14.502 | 14.180 | 13.841 | |
% change from baseline | −1.63% | −2.71% | −0.53% | 1.26% | −3.06% | −5.21% | −7.47% | |
Sulfuric Acid | ||||||||
NO3-N (mg/L) | 14.974 | 15.114 | 15.722 | 15.615 | 15.844 | 15.221 | 14.584 | |
% change from baseline | 0.10% | 1.04% | 5.10% | 4.39% | 5.92% | 1.75% | -2.51% | |
Sodium Omadine | ||||||||
NO3-N (mg/L) | 14.458 | 14.120 | 14.795 | 13.893 | 14.292 | 13.944 | 14.046 | |
% change from baseline | −3.35% | −5.61% | −1.10% | −7.13% | −4.46% | −6.79% | −6.10% | |
POND WATER | Control (no preservation) | |||||||
NO3-N (mg/L) | 10.574 | 10.534 | 10.614 | 10.568 | 10.561 | 10.422 | 10.814 | |
% change from baseline | 0.00% | −0.38% | 0.38% | −0.06% | −0.12% | −1.44% | 2.27% | |
Filtered | ||||||||
NO3-N (mg/L) | 10.375 | 10.603 | 10.147 | 10.517 | 9.946 | 10.146 | 10.078 | |
% change from baseline | −1.88% | 0.27% | −4.04% | −0.54% | −5.94% | −4.05% | −4.69% | |
Sulfuric Acid | ||||||||
NO3-N (mg/L) | 11.191 | 10.398 | 10.671 | 10.980 | 10.282 | 11.231 | 10.228 | |
% change from baseline | 5.84% | −1.66% | 0.92% | 3.84% | −2.76% | 6.21% | −3.27% | |
Sodium Omadine | ||||||||
NO3-N (mg/L) | 9.863 | 9.638 | 10.088 | 10.233 | 9.997 | 9.892 | 10.228 | |
% change from baseline | −6.72% | −8.85% | −4.60% | −3.22% | −5.46% | −6.45% | −3.27% | |
STREAM WATER | Control (no preservation) | |||||||
NO3-N (mg/L) | 12.567 | 12.432 | 12.701 | 13.601 | 12.259 | 12.378 | 13.407 | |
% change from baseline | 0.00% | −1.07% | 1.07% | 8.23% | −2.45% | −1.50% | 6.68% | |
Filtered | ||||||||
NO3-N (mg/L) | 12.240 | 12.562 | 11.918 | 12.579 | 11.868 | 12.408 | 12.866 | |
% change from baseline | −2.60% | −0.04% | −5.16% | 0.10% | −5.56% | −1.27% | 2.38% | |
Sulfuric Acid | ||||||||
NO3-N (mg/L) | 13.248 | 12.163 | 13.814 | 12.112 | 12.701 | 11.781 | 12.856 | |
% change from baseline | 5.42% | −3.21% | 9.92% | −3.62% | 1.07% | −6.25% | 2.30% | |
Sodium Omadine | ||||||||
NO3-N (mg/L) | 11.934 | 11.986 | 11.881 | 11.783 | 11.786 | 11.803 | 12.583 | |
% change from baseline | −5.04% | −4.62% | −5.46% | −6.24% | −6.21% | −6.08% | 0.13% |
Tile Water | ||||||||
Treatment 1 | Treatment 2 | Day | ||||||
0 | 0.5 | 1 | 2 | 5 | 7 | 14 | ||
Baseline | Control | 0.900 | 0.900 | 0.900 | 0.875 | 0.428 | 0.132 | 0.900 |
Baseline | Filtered | 0.900 | 0.563 | 0.900 | 0.900 | 0.430 | 0.044 | 0.667 |
Baseline | Sulfuric Acid | 0.900 | 0.900 | 0.055 | 0.604 | 0.900 | 0.754 | 0.900 |
Baseline | Sodium Omadine | 0.795 | 0.060 | 0.900 | 0.205 | 0.140 | 0.019 | 0.849 |
Pond Water | ||||||||
Treatment 1 | Treatment 2 | Day | ||||||
0 | 0.5 | 1 | 2 | 5 | 7 | 14 | ||
Baseline | Control | 0.900 | 0.900 | 0.900 | 0.900 | 0.900 | 0.736 | 0.900 |
Baseline | Filtered | 0.900 | 0.900 | 0.627 | 0.900 | 0.115 | 0.046 | 0.518 |
Baseline | Sulfuric Acid | 0.448 | 0.857 | 0.900 | 0.728 | 0.692 | 0.003 | 0.770 |
Baseline | Sodium Omadine | 0.422 | 0.003 | 0.526 | 0.826 | 0.161 | 0.002 | 0.770 |
Stream Water | ||||||||
Treatment 1 | Treatment 2 | Day | ||||||
0 | 0.5 | 1 | 2 | 5 | 7 | 14 | ||
Baseline | Control | 0.900 | 0.900 | 0.900 | 0.152 | 0.499 | 0.900 | 0.345 |
Baseline | Filtered | 0.775 | 0.900 | 0.273 | 0.900 | 0.055 | 0.900 | 0.900 |
Baseline | Sulfuric Acid | 0.169 | 0.501 | 0.014 | 0.770 | 0.900 | 0.690 | 0.900 |
Baseline | Sodium Omadine | 0.291 | 0.200 | 0.231 | 0.358 | 0.032 | 0.708 | 0.900 |
DAY | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0 | 0.5 | 1 | 2 | 5 | 7 | 14 | ||
High Temperature (°F) | 82 | 82 | 83 | 85 | 86 | 86 | 83 | |
Low Temperature (°F) | 57 | 57 | 60 | 60 | 68 | 65 | 61 | |
Average Temperature (°F) | 70 | 70 | 72 | 73 | 77 | 76 | 72 | |
TILE WATER | Control (no preservation) | |||||||
PO43− (mg/L) | 1.033 | 0.972 | 1.009 | 1.003 | 0.973 | 0.976 | 0.999 | |
% change from baseline | 0.00% | −5.91% | −2.32% | −2.90% | −5.81% | −5.52% | −3.29% | |
Filtered | ||||||||
PO43− (mg/L) | 0.978 | 0.960 | 0.995 | 0.964 | 0.980 | 0.934 | 0.875 | |
% change from baseline | −5.32% | −7.07% | −3.68% | −6.68% | −5.13% | −9.58% | −15.30% | |
Sulfuric Acid | ||||||||
PO43− (mg/L) | 1.015 | 0.993 | 1.024 | 0.854 | 0.998 | 1.024 | 1.013 | |
% change from baseline | −1.74% | −3.87% | −0.87% | −17.33% | −3.39% | −0.87% | −1.94% | |
Sodium Omadine | ||||||||
PO43− (mg/L) | 0.965 | 0.942 | 0.987 | 1.037 | 0.970 | 1.063 | 1.148 | |
% change from baseline | −6.58% | −8.81% | −4.45% | 0.39% | −6.10% | 2.90% | 11.13% | |
POND WATER | Control (no preservation) | |||||||
PO43− (mg/L) | 1.026 | 0.938 | 0.967 | 0.962 | 0.936 | 0.966 | 0.999 | |
% change from baseline | 0.00% | −8.58% | −5.75% | −6.24% | −8.77% | −5.85% | −2.63% | |
Filtered | ||||||||
PO43− (mg/L) | 0.888 | 0.850 | 0.906 | 0.875 | 0.816 | 0.863 | 0.923 | |
% change from baseline | −13.45% | −17.15% | −11.70% | −14.72% | −20.47% | −15.89% | −10.04% | |
Sulfuric Acid | ||||||||
PO43− (mg/L) | 1.082 | 1.041 | 1.090 | 1.069 | 1.090 | 0.950 | 1.113 | |
% change from baseline | 5.46% | 1.46% | 6.24% | 4.19% | 6.24% | −7.41% | 8.48% | |
Sodium Omadine | ||||||||
PO43− (mg/L) | 0.956 | 0.864 | 0.917 | 0.838 | 0.875 | 0.891 | 0.892 | |
% change from baseline | −6.82% | −15.79% | −10.62% | −18.32% | −14.72% | −13.16% | −13.06% | |
STREAM WATER | Control (no preservation) | |||||||
PO43− (mg/L) | 1.095 | 1.056 | 1.067 | 1.135 | 1.028 | 1.043 | 0.965 | |
% change from baseline | 0.00% | −3.56% | −2.56% | 3.65% | −6.12% | −4.75% | −11.87% | |
Filtered | ||||||||
PO43− (mg/L) | 1.001 | 0.987 | 1.014 | 1.032 | 1.014 | 0.965 | 0.991 | |
% change from baseline | −8.58% | −9.86% | −7.40% | −5.75% | −7.40% | −11.87% | −9.50% | |
Sulfuric Acid | ||||||||
PO43− (mg/L) | 1.059 | 1.009 | 1.056 | 0.975 | 0.951 | 0.987 | 1.069 | |
% change from baseline | −3.29% | −7.85% | −3.56% | −10.96% | −13.15% | −9.86% | −2.37% | |
Sodium Omadine | ||||||||
PO43− (mg/L) | 1.134 | 1.040 | 1.103 | 0.971 | 1.076 | 1.019 | 0.998 | |
% change from baseline | 3.56% | −5.02% | 0.73% | −11.32% | −1.74% | −6.94% | −8.86% |
Tile Water | ||||||||
Treatment 1 | Treatment 2 | Day | ||||||
0 | 0.5 | 1 | 2 | 5 | 7 | 14 | ||
Baseline | Control | 0.900 | 0.164 | 0.510 | 0.900 | 0.028 | 0.246 | 0.900 |
Baseline | Filtered | 0.115 | 0.049 | 0.160 | 0.900 | 0.088 | 0.021 | 0.156 |
Baseline | Sulfuric Acid | 0.876 | 0.393 | 0.900 | 0.500 | 0.262 | 0.900 | 0.900 |
Baseline | Sodium Omadine | 0.073 | 0.014 | 0.071 | 0.900 | 0.021 | 0.741 | 0.389 |
Pond Water | ||||||||
Treatment 1 | Treatment 2 | Day | ||||||
0 | 0.5 | 1 | 2 | 5 | 7 | 14 | ||
Baseline | Control | 0.900 | 0.052 | 0.139 | 0.022 | 0.081 | 0.900 | 0.900 |
Baseline | Filtered | 0.135 | 0.001 | 0.002 | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.485 | 0.305 |
Baseline | Sulfuric Acid | 0.797 | 0.900 | 0.099 | 0.134 | 0.281 | 0.900 | 0.451 |
Baseline | Sodium Omadine | 0.663 | 0.001 | 0.005 | 0.001 | 0.004 | 0.634 | 0.124 |
Stream Water | ||||||||
Treatment 1 | Treatment 2 | Day | ||||||
0 | 0.5 | 1 | 2 | 5 | 7 | 14 | ||
Baseline | Control | 0.900 | 0.538 | 0.223 | 0.900 | 0.900 | 0.900 | 0.103 |
Baseline | Filtered | 0.082 | 0.010 | 0.001 | 0.900 | 0.821 | 0.267 | 0.232 |
Baseline | Sulfuric Acid | 0.762 | 0.037 | 0.054 | 0.617 | 0.416 | 0.430 | 0.900 |
Baseline | Sodium Omadine | 0.782 | 0.246 | 0.900 | 0.591 | 0.900 | 0.764 | 0.285 |
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Dunderman, L.; Verma, S.; Davidson, P. Evaluation of Sodium Omadine for Short-Term Preservation of Nitrate-N and Orthophosphate in Water Samples. Appl. Sci. 2019, 9, 1450. https://doi.org/10.3390/app9071450
Dunderman L, Verma S, Davidson P. Evaluation of Sodium Omadine for Short-Term Preservation of Nitrate-N and Orthophosphate in Water Samples. Applied Sciences. 2019; 9(7):1450. https://doi.org/10.3390/app9071450
Chicago/Turabian StyleDunderman, Lucia, Siddhartha Verma, and Paul Davidson. 2019. "Evaluation of Sodium Omadine for Short-Term Preservation of Nitrate-N and Orthophosphate in Water Samples" Applied Sciences 9, no. 7: 1450. https://doi.org/10.3390/app9071450
APA StyleDunderman, L., Verma, S., & Davidson, P. (2019). Evaluation of Sodium Omadine for Short-Term Preservation of Nitrate-N and Orthophosphate in Water Samples. Applied Sciences, 9(7), 1450. https://doi.org/10.3390/app9071450