Evaluation of Specific Absorption Rate in Three-Layered Tissue Model at 13.56 MHz and 40.68 MHz for Inductively Powered Biomedical Implants
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Equivalent Circuit Model and Orientation Analysis of a 3-Coil Inductive Link
3. Design Procedure and Simulation Results
- : The implantable coil is laterally displaced from a perfectly aligned position of 0 mm to 10 mm. The system has been simulated at laterally displaced misalignment positions of 5 mm and 10 mm. At 13.56 MHz with a maximum misaligned distance of 10 mm, the PTE is 30.2% whereas at 40.68 MHz with a maximum misaligned distance of 10 mm, the PTE is 49.2%.
- : In order to validate the effects of angular misalignment on the PTE, the implantable coil is rotated through angles 15°, 30°, 45°, and 60° relative to the external coil. At 13.56 MHz, when = 15°, the PTE is 52.3% and with the increase of angular misalignment the PTE declines sharply, and the PTE is 29.4% at = 60°. At 40.68 MHz, when = 15°, the PTE is 65.1% and at = 60°, the PTE is 42.1%.
- : Here, the PTE is tested for misalignment angles 0° to 60° along with laterally displaced positions 1 mm to 10 mm. At 60° angular rotation and 10 mm lateral displacement, the PTE at 13.56 MHz and 40.68 MHz are 39.1% and 57.6% respectively. The overall PTE under perfect alignment, lateral and/or angular misalignments are shown in Figure 5c,d. The proposed geometry of the coils are shown in Figure 6.
4. Measurement Results
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Jow, U.M.; Ghovanloo, M. Design and optimization of printed spiral coils for efficient transcutaneous inductive power transmission. IEEE Trans. Biomed. Circuits Syst. 2007, 1, 193–202. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- RamRakhyani, A.K.; Mirabbasi, S.; Chiao, M. Design and optimization of resonance-based efficient wireless power delivery systems for biomedical implants. IEEE Trans. Biomed. Circuits Syst. 2011, 5, 48–63. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Ma, A.; Poon, A.S.Y. Midfield wireless power transfer for bioelectronics. IEEE Circuits Syst. Mag. 2015, 15, 54–60. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ahn, D.; Ghovanloo, M. Optimal design of wireless power transmission links for millimeter-sized biomedical implants. IEEE Trans. Biomed. Circuits Syst. 2016, 10, 125–137. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Agarwal, K.; Jegadeesan, R.; Guo, Y.X.; Thakor, N.V. Wireless power transfer strategies for implantable bioelectronics. IEEE Rev. Biomed. Eng. 2017, 10, 136–161. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Ha, D.; Lee, T.C.; Weber, D.J.; Chappell, W.J. Power distribution to multiple implanted sensor devices using a multiport bandpass filter (BPF) approach. In Proceedings of the 2014 IEEE MTT-S International Microwave Symposium (IMS2014), Tampa, FL, USA, 1–6 June 2014. [Google Scholar]
- Poon, A.S.Y.; O’Driscoll, S.; Meng, T.H. Optimal operating frequency in wireless power transmission for implantable devices. In Proceedings of the 2007 29th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, Lyon, France, 22–26 August 2007. [Google Scholar]
- Chang, T.C.; Weber, M.; Charthad, J.; Nikoozadeh, A.; Yakub, P.T.K.; Arbabian, A. Design of high-efficiency miniaturized ultrasonic receivers for powering medical implants with reconfigurable power levels. In Proceedings of the 2015 IEEE International Ultrasonics Symposium (IUS), Taipei, Taiwan, 21–24 Octorber 2015. [Google Scholar]
- Schormans, M.; Valente, V.; Demosthenous, A. Practical inductive link design for biomedical wireless power transfer: A tutorial. IEEE Trans. Biomed. Circuits Syst. 2018, 12, 1112–1130. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Jia, Y.; Mirbozorgi, S.A.; Wang, Z.; Hsu, C.C.; Madsen, T.E.; Rainnie, D.; Ghovanloo, M. Position and orientation insensitive wireless power transmission for enercage-homecage system. IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng. 2017, 64, 2439–2449. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Agrawal, D.R.; Tanabe, Y.; Weng, D.; Ma, A.; Hsu, S.; Liao, S.Y.; Zhen, Z.; Zhu, Z.Y.; Sun, C.; Dong, Z.; et al. Conformal phased surfaces for wireless powering of bioelectronic microdevices. Nat. Biomed. Eng. 2017, 1, 1–9. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Mutashar, S.; Hannan, M.A.; Samad, S.A.; Hussain, A. Analysis and optimization of spiral circular inductive coupling link for bio-implanted applications on air and within human tissue. Sensors 2014, 14, 11522–11541. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kiani, M.; Jow, U.M.; Ghovanloo, M. Design and optimization of a 3-coil inductive link for efficient wireless power pransmission. IEEE Trans. Biomed. Circuits Syst. 2011, 5, 579–591. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yao, Y.; Meng, X.; Tsui, C.Y.; Ki, W.H. Polyimide-based flexible 3-coil inductive link design and optimization. In Proceedings of the 2018 IEEE Asia Pacific Conference on Circuits and Systems (APCCAS), Chengdu, China, 26–30 Octorber 2018. [Google Scholar]
- Mirbozorgi, S.A.; Yeon, P.; Ghovanloo, M. Robust wireless power transmission to mm-sized free-floating distributed implants. IEEE Trans. Biomed. Circuits Syst. 2017, 11, 692–702. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Christ, A.; Douglas, M.; Nadakuduti, J.; Kuster, N. Assessing human exposure to electromagnetic fields from wireless power transmission systems. Proc. IEEE 2013, 101, 1482–1493. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ho, J.S.; Yeh, A.J.; Neofytou, E.; Kim, S.; Tanabe, Y.; Patlolla, B.; Beygui, R.E.; Poon, A.S.Y. Wireless power transfer to deep-tissue microimplants. PNAS 2014, 111, 7974–7979. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Song, L.; Samii, Y.R. An end-to-end implanted brain–machine interface antenna system performance characterizations and development. IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag. 2017, 65, 3399–3408. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Manoufali, M.; Bialkowski, K.; Mohammed, B.J.; Mills, P.C.; Abbosh, A. Near-field inductive-coupling link to power a three-dimensional millimeter-sze antenna for brain implantable medical devices. IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng. 2018, 65, 4–14. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Yeon, P.; Mirbozorgi, S.A.; Ash, B.; Eckhardt, H.; Ghovanloo, M. Fabrication and microassembly of a mm-sized floating probe for a distributed wireless neural interface. Micromachines 2016, 7, 154. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mutashar, S.; Hannan, M.A.; Samad, S.A.; Hussain, A. Design of spiral circular coils in wet and dry tissue for bio-implanted micro-system applications. Prog. Electromagn. Res. 2013, 32, 181–200. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhang, J.; Yuan, X.; Wang, C.; He, Y. Comparative analysis of two-coil and three-coil structures for wireless power transfer. IEEE Trans. Power Electron. 2017, 32, 341–352. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhong, W.X.; Zhang, C.; Liu, X.; Hui, S.Y.R. A methodology for making a three-coil wireless power transfer system more energy efficient than a two-coil counterpart for extended transfer distance. IEEE Trans. Power Electron. 2015, 30, 933–942. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mirbozorgi, S.A.; Gosselin, B.; Sawan, M. A transcutaneous power transfer interface based on a multicoil inductive link. In Proceedings of the 2012 Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, San Diego, CA, USA, 28 August–1 September 2012; pp. 1659–1662. [Google Scholar]
- Nair, V.V.; Choi, J.R. An efficiency enhancement technique for a wireless power transmission system based on a multiple coil switching technique. Energies 2016, 9, 156. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Soma, M.; Galbraith, D.C.; White, R.L. Radio-frequency coils in implantable devices: Misalignment analysis and design procedure. IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng. 1987, BME-34, 276–282. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Huang, W.; Ku, H. Analysis and optimization of wireless power transfer efficiency considering the tilt angle of a coil. J. Electromagn. Eng. Sci. 2018, 18, 13–19. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Khan, S.R.; Choi, G.S. Analysis and optimization of four-coil planar magnetically coupled printed spiral resonators. Sensors 2016, 16, 1219. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sun, G.; Muneer, B.; Li, Y.; Xhu, Q. Ultracompact implantable design with integrated wireless power transfer and RF transmission capabilities. IEEE Trans. Biomed. Circuits Syst. 2018, 12, 281–291. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Dielectric Properties of Body Tissues. Available online: http://niremf.ifac.cnr.it/tissprop/htmlclie/htmlclie.php (accessed on 15 July 2018).
- Yellappa, P.; Lee, Y.R.; Choi, J.R. Analysis of coil misalignment issue in resonance-based wireless power transmission system for implantable biomedical applications. In Proceedings of the 2018 IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems (ISCAS), Florence, Italy, 27–30 May 2018. [Google Scholar]
- Jow, U.M.; Ghovanloo, M. Modeling and optimization of printed spiral coils in air, saline, and muscle tissue environments. IEEE Trans. Biomed. Circuits Syst. 2009, 3, 339–347. [Google Scholar]
- Xue, F.; Cheng, K.W.; Je, M. High-efficiency wireless power transfer for biomedical implants by optimal resonant load transformation. IEEE Trans. Biomed. Circuits Syst. 2013, 60, 867–874. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yang, C.L.; Chang, C.K.; Lee, S.Y.; Chang, S.J.; Chiou, L.Y. Efficient four-coil wireless power transfer for deep brain stimulation. IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Tech. 2017, 65, 2496–2507. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Alignment Cases | External Coil | Implantable Coil |
---|---|---|
Perfect alignment | (, , ) | (, , + ) |
Lateral misalignment | (, , ) | (, + , + ) |
Angular misalignment | (, , ) | |
Angular and lateral misalignments | (, , ) |
Coils | PCB Parameter | = 13.56 MHz | = 40.68 MHz |
---|---|---|---|
(mm) | 25.5 | 35.95 | |
(mm) | 27.5 | 38.05 | |
(mm) | 2 | 2.1 | |
(mm) | 0.07 | 0.07 | |
1 | 1 | ||
(mm) | 4.75 | 5.07 | |
(mm) | 22.45 | 23.42 | |
(mm) | 1.5 | 0.85 | |
(mm) | 0.07 | 0.07 | |
(mm) | 1.2 | 0.9 | |
6 | 10 | ||
(mm) | 0.45 | 0.45 | |
(mm) | 9.95 | 9.95 | |
(mm) | 0.3 | 0.8 | |
(mm) | 0.07 | 0.07 | |
(mm) | 0.62 | 0.65 | |
10 | 6 |
Parameters | Frequency (MHz) | Dry Skin | Wet Skin | Fat | Muscle |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Conductivity | 13.56 | 0.23802 | 0.38421 | 0.030354 | 0.62818 |
[S/m] | 40.68 | 0.37982 | 0.45519 | 0.034136 | 0.66986 |
Relative | 13.56 | 285.25 | 177.13 | 11.827 | 138.44 |
permittivity | 40.68 | 122.91 | 92.985 | 7.286 | 82.115 |
Loss | 13.56 | 1.1062 | 2.8754 | 3.4021 | 6.0152 |
tangent | 40.68 | 1.3655 | 2.1631 | 2.0703 | 3.6046 |
Ref. | Type of Wireless Link | Tech. | RX Coil Diameter (mm) | Operating Frequency (MHz) | Distance (mm) | Medium | PTE (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
[32] | 2-coil | PSC | 10 × 10 | 13.56 | 10 | Air | 72.2 |
Saline | 51.8 | ||||||
Tissue | 30.8 | ||||||
[33] | 2-coil | PCB | 25 × 10 | 13.56 | 10 | Air | 75 |
Tissue | 58.2 | ||||||
[34] | 4-coil | PCB | 5 × 5 | 13.56 | 10 | Air | 19.1 |
Tissue | 11.7 | ||||||
[29] | 2-coil | - | 10.8 × 10.5 | 39.86 | 10 | Tissue | 47.2 |
This work | 3-coil | PCB | 19.9 | 13.56 | 10 | Air | 41.7 |
Tissue | 30.8 |
© 2019 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Mohanarangam, K.; Palagani, Y.; Choi, J.R. Evaluation of Specific Absorption Rate in Three-Layered Tissue Model at 13.56 MHz and 40.68 MHz for Inductively Powered Biomedical Implants. Appl. Sci. 2019, 9, 1125. https://doi.org/10.3390/app9061125
Mohanarangam K, Palagani Y, Choi JR. Evaluation of Specific Absorption Rate in Three-Layered Tissue Model at 13.56 MHz and 40.68 MHz for Inductively Powered Biomedical Implants. Applied Sciences. 2019; 9(6):1125. https://doi.org/10.3390/app9061125
Chicago/Turabian StyleMohanarangam, Krithikaa, Yellappa Palagani, and Jun Rim Choi. 2019. "Evaluation of Specific Absorption Rate in Three-Layered Tissue Model at 13.56 MHz and 40.68 MHz for Inductively Powered Biomedical Implants" Applied Sciences 9, no. 6: 1125. https://doi.org/10.3390/app9061125
APA StyleMohanarangam, K., Palagani, Y., & Choi, J. R. (2019). Evaluation of Specific Absorption Rate in Three-Layered Tissue Model at 13.56 MHz and 40.68 MHz for Inductively Powered Biomedical Implants. Applied Sciences, 9(6), 1125. https://doi.org/10.3390/app9061125