Time-Domain Functional Diffuse Optical Tomography System Based on Fiber-Free Silicon Photomultipliers
by
Andrea Farina 1, Susanna Tagliabue 2, Laura Di Sieno 3,*, Edoardo Martinenghi 3, Turgut Durduran 2,4, Simon Arridge 5
, Fabrizio Martelli 6, Alessandro Torricelli 1,3, Antonio Pifferi 1,3 and Alberto Dalla Mora 3
Andrea Farina 1, Susanna Tagliabue 2, Laura Di Sieno 3,*, Edoardo Martinenghi 3, Turgut Durduran 2,4, Simon Arridge 5, Fabrizio Martelli 6, Alessandro Torricelli 1,3, Antonio Pifferi 1,3 and Alberto Dalla Mora 3
1
Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Fotonica e Nanotecnologie, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
2
ICFO-Institut de Ciències Fotòniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Av. Carl Friedrich Gauss, 3, 08860 Barcelona, Spain
3
Politecnico di Milano, Dipartimento di Fisica, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
4
Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Passeig de Lluís Companys, 23, 08015 Barcelona, Spain
5
Department of Computer Science, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
6
Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia dell’Università degli Studi di Firenze, Via G. Sansone 1, Sesto Fiorentino, 50019 Firenze, Italy
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Appl. Sci. 2017, 7(12), 1235; https://doi.org/10.3390/app7121235
Received: 2 October 2017 / Revised: 2 November 2017 / Accepted: 24 November 2017 / Published: 29 November 2017
(This article belongs to the Section Optics and Lasers)
Based on recent developments in both single-photon detectors and timing electronic circuits, we designed a compact and cost effective time-domain diffuse optical tomography system operated at 1 Hz acquisition rate, based on eight silicon photomultipliers and an 8-channel time-to-digital converter. The compact detectors are directly hosted on the probe in a circular arrangement around a single light injection fiber, so to maximize light harvesting. Tomography is achieved exploiting the depth sensitivity that is encoded in the arrival time of detected photons. The system performances were evaluated on simulations to assess possible the limitations arising from the use of a single injection point, and then on phantoms and in vivo to prove the eligibility of these technologies for diffuse optical tomography.
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Keywords:
functional imaging; diffuse optical tomography; time-correlated single-photon counting; silicon photomultipliers
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This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited
MDPI and ACS Style
Farina, A.; Tagliabue, S.; Di Sieno, L.; Martinenghi, E.; Durduran, T.; Arridge, S.; Martelli, F.; Torricelli, A.; Pifferi, A.; Dalla Mora, A. Time-Domain Functional Diffuse Optical Tomography System Based on Fiber-Free Silicon Photomultipliers. Appl. Sci. 2017, 7, 1235.
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