A Review on the Role of Color and Light in Affective Computing
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Affective Computing and Emotions
2.1. Affective Computers in Relation to Emotions
2.2. Emotions Studied in Affective Computing
- Happy people increase their preference for happy colors, and sad people increase preference for sad colors. This preference toward emotion-target congruence appears regardless of one’s initial preference for the colors.
- When a colored object conveys one’s attitudinal commitment, emotion-target congruence is likely to operate. However, when preference for a colored object is based mostly on utilitarian reasons and hence provides little signals about the individuals’ attitudes, values and beliefs, the emotion-target congruence effect disappears.
- In case a negative emotion contains a committed attitude and meaning toward a situation (e.g., loss of loved one, break-up, or exposure to some else’s suffering), the emotion-target congruence effect is likely to emerge. Preference for emotion-target congruence tends to be observed for people experiencing negative emotions of loneliness, sadness or regret.
- When a negative emotion has less committed values and meaning, emotion-target incongruence effects are more likely to emerge. In this case, preference for emotion-incongruent aesthetic stimuli tends to be observed when the emotion is induced by a not-committed negative emotion.
- Participants who are exposed to sad video and music feel significantly worse than those exposed to happy video and music.
- Participants’ emotional state does not impact their reporting of color tone on the color categorization task; nor does it influence their categorization speed.
3. Color Models Used in Affective Computing
4. Color and Light in Affective Computing
4.1. Human-Computer Interaction and Color
4.2. Color and Light as Affective Factors
4.2.1. Influence of Light in Affective Computing
4.2.2. Influence of Color in Affective Computing
Reference | Emotion(s) | Color Description Model and Color Sample |
---|---|---|
Ou et al. [60] | Semantic scales warm/cool, heavy/light, active/passive, and like/dislike | Two-color model, CIELAB; 190 color pairs |
Gao et al. [38] | 12 emotion variables (word pairs) | Munsell color system, SCOTDIC PLUS 2000 system; 214 color samples |
Hanada [61] | Semantic word pairs “bright-dark” (activity factor), “like-dislike” (evaluation factor) and “strong-weak” (potency factor) | 2 datasets with different stimuli and scales; 27 color pairs, composed of eight colors (red, blue, green, yellow, orange, cyan, magenta, and violet); luminances and CIE xy color coordinates |
Lechner et al. [62] | Attributes associated with emotional responses | Brightness level (light, medium, dark) and nine hues (red; orange; yellow/orange; yellow; green; blue/green; blue; purple; and white/gray/black) |
Choi et al. [63] | Heart rate variability (HRV) | Blue, red and white colored fluorescent lights |
Xin et al. [37] | Color emotions described in 12 opponent word pairs | SCOTDIC PLUS 2000 system, Munsell color system; 218 color samples |
Küller et al. [32] | 12 emotion variables (word pairs) | Working environments with no color at all; with neutral colors; with not very vivid color; very colorful and vivid |
Solli and Lenz [64] | Three emotion factors: activity, weight, and heat | RGB space; 567 samples |
Bonnardel et al. [41] | Color emotion based on the analysis of color preference questionnaires | Self-created color space, where value and chroma are controlled, and hue parameter are changed with a constant physical difference in hue of 20 grades, with addition of black and white, totally 23 home page color schemes |
4.3. Cultural and Demographic Aspects of Color and Light Perception
4.3.1. Universality of Cultural Aspects in Color and Light
4.3.2. Universality of Demographic Aspects in Color and Light
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Sokolova, M.V.; Fernández-Caballero, A. A Review on the Role of Color and Light in Affective Computing. Appl. Sci. 2015, 5, 275-293. https://doi.org/10.3390/app5030275
Sokolova MV, Fernández-Caballero A. A Review on the Role of Color and Light in Affective Computing. Applied Sciences. 2015; 5(3):275-293. https://doi.org/10.3390/app5030275
Chicago/Turabian StyleSokolova, Marina V., and Antonio Fernández-Caballero. 2015. "A Review on the Role of Color and Light in Affective Computing" Applied Sciences 5, no. 3: 275-293. https://doi.org/10.3390/app5030275