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Volume 16
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10.3390/app16147136
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Article

Recovering Na2SO4 from Simulated Industrial Brine by Membrane Crystallization

by
Xue Li
1,2,3,*,
Stefano Capizzano
1,
Mirko Frappa
1,
Enrico Drioli
1 and
Francesca Macedonio
1,*
1
Institute on Membrane Technology “Enrico Drioli” (CNR-ITM), Via Pietro Bucci 17/C, 87036 Rende, Italy
2
Department of Chemical Science, University of Padova, Via F. Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy
3
Institute on Membrane Technology “Enrico Drioli” (CNR-ITM), UoS of Padova, Via F. Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Appl. Sci. 2026, 16(14), 7136; https://doi.org/10.3390/app16147136
Submission received: 29 May 2026 / Revised: 24 June 2026 / Accepted: 10 July 2026 / Published: 16 July 2026
(This article belongs to the Section Environmental Sciences)
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Abstract

Solutions with NaCl and Na2SO4 mixture simulating three real industrial RO waste brines were treated by membrane crystallization (MCr) with the aim of recovering the ions as crystals. In particular, the three different solutions have NaCl and Na2SO4 molar ratios of 1:2, 2:1 and 1:1, respectively. Experiments at two different feed temperatures were performed and analyzed. Results showed that the separation of the NaCl and Na2SO4 mixture can be realized by the MCr process and the Na2SO4 salts were successfully recovered from the mixture. Different morphologies of Na2SO4 crystals were obtained by selecting an appropriate feed temperature. Crystal size distribution (CSD) and cumulative fraction of the crystals were calculated to determine the distribution of the crystals’ size and their variation around the average size. The Na2SO4 salts obtained from all experiments were of high purity, indicating promising salt separation, recovery, and reuse from RO brine from a sustainable perspective.
Keywords: membrane crystallization; salt separation; mineral recovery membrane crystallization; salt separation; mineral recovery

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MDPI and ACS Style

Li, X.; Capizzano, S.; Frappa, M.; Drioli, E.; Macedonio, F. Recovering Na2SO4 from Simulated Industrial Brine by Membrane Crystallization. Appl. Sci. 2026, 16, 7136. https://doi.org/10.3390/app16147136

AMA Style

Li X, Capizzano S, Frappa M, Drioli E, Macedonio F. Recovering Na2SO4 from Simulated Industrial Brine by Membrane Crystallization. Applied Sciences. 2026; 16(14):7136. https://doi.org/10.3390/app16147136

Chicago/Turabian Style

Li, Xue, Stefano Capizzano, Mirko Frappa, Enrico Drioli, and Francesca Macedonio. 2026. "Recovering Na2SO4 from Simulated Industrial Brine by Membrane Crystallization" Applied Sciences 16, no. 14: 7136. https://doi.org/10.3390/app16147136

APA Style

Li, X., Capizzano, S., Frappa, M., Drioli, E., & Macedonio, F. (2026). Recovering Na2SO4 from Simulated Industrial Brine by Membrane Crystallization. Applied Sciences, 16(14), 7136. https://doi.org/10.3390/app16147136

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