Origin of Suspected Solid Bitumen in Mesoproterozoic Jixian System in Tongcheng Outcrops, Southwest Ordos Basin

To clarify the composition and origin of the suspected solid bitumen, which is found in the fractures of the Jixian System in Tongcheng outcrops, the suspected solid bitumen samples, as well as dolomite samples, were collected from the Jixian System in Tongcheng and Qishan outcrops for various tests. The results show that the suspected solid bitumen samples are mainly composed of clay minerals. No solid bitumen was found in the pores and microcracks of the dolomite samples by microscope and Raman spectroscopy. The total organic carbon content of the solid bitumen ranges from 0.59% to 1.15%, revealing that the suspected solid bitumen is dark mudstone powder, rather than solid bitumen. The R_b values range from 2.59% to 2.77%, and the Ts/(Ts + Tm) values mostly approach 0.5, indicating that the organic matter in the suspected solid bitumen is in the mature to over-mature stage. The V/(V + Ni), Sr/Cu, and Sr/Ba values of the suspected solid bitumen indicate that it was deposited in a warm, humid, anoxic sedimentary environment. The slightly right-inclined rare earth element pattern of the suspected solid bitumen samples implies the sedimentation rate was slow or they were affected by weathering and leaching processes. Through a comparison of trace elements and hierarchical clustering analysis of rare earth elements, the suspected solid bitumen manifests the closest correlation with the mudstone source rocks of the Cambrian Zhangxia Formation. Early Devonian period, the Cambrian mudstone source rocks in the Tongcheng area were uplifted; then weathered, leached, and fragmented into powder; and then filled the fractures of the underlying Mesoproterozoic Jixian System. Of course, another geological scenario has not been ruled out: that some of the fractures in the Jixian System may be filled with solid bitumen, which may be the result of the destroyed paleo-oil reservoirs near the ancient uplift in the Tongcheng area.