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Article

Synthesis of Optimal Static Gain Feedback Using a Fractional-Order Performance Index

by
Dawid Ostaszewicz
and
Krzysztof Rogowski
*
Department of Automatic Control and Robotics, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Bialystok University of Technology, Wiejska 45D Street, 15-351 Bialystok, Poland
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Appl. Sci. 2026, 16(12), 6017; https://doi.org/10.3390/app16126017 (registering DOI)
Submission received: 23 April 2026 / Revised: 8 June 2026 / Accepted: 10 June 2026 / Published: 14 June 2026
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Control Systems and Applications, 2nd Edition)

Abstract

This paper presents a methodology for synthesizing static state feedback controllers utilizing a Fractional-Order Performance Index. Linear Quadratic Regulators are designed using integer-order integral weighting functions. In the proposed approach, fractional-order calculus is utilized to introduce an additional degree of freedom in controller synthesis, enabling enhanced shaping of the plant’s dynamic properties. The controller gains are obtained by solving a fractional Riccati-like equation, through which the temporal weighting properties inherent to fractional integration are embedded into a static feedback matrix. This formulation is a minimalist control structure suitable for implementation on resource-constrained hardware. The proposed method is validated via rapid control prototyping on an industrial NI PXIe platform and an analog third-order plant. Performance evaluation using Integral Absolute Error and Integral Absolute Control metrics demonstrates that the fractional order serves as a flexible tuning parameter, providing an alternative trade-off between settling time and control effort. Furthermore, frequency domain sensitivity analysis demonstrates the absence of resonant peaks and inherent attenuation of high-frequency measurement noise. As a result, the presented framework bridges fractional-order optimization techniques with industrial control platforms.
Keywords: optimal gain synthesis; fractional-order performance index; static gain feedback; offline optimization; fractional Riccati equation; fractional LQR controller; fractional-order application optimal gain synthesis; fractional-order performance index; static gain feedback; offline optimization; fractional Riccati equation; fractional LQR controller; fractional-order application

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Ostaszewicz, D.; Rogowski, K. Synthesis of Optimal Static Gain Feedback Using a Fractional-Order Performance Index. Appl. Sci. 2026, 16, 6017. https://doi.org/10.3390/app16126017

AMA Style

Ostaszewicz D, Rogowski K. Synthesis of Optimal Static Gain Feedback Using a Fractional-Order Performance Index. Applied Sciences. 2026; 16(12):6017. https://doi.org/10.3390/app16126017

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ostaszewicz, Dawid, and Krzysztof Rogowski. 2026. "Synthesis of Optimal Static Gain Feedback Using a Fractional-Order Performance Index" Applied Sciences 16, no. 12: 6017. https://doi.org/10.3390/app16126017

APA Style

Ostaszewicz, D., & Rogowski, K. (2026). Synthesis of Optimal Static Gain Feedback Using a Fractional-Order Performance Index. Applied Sciences, 16(12), 6017. https://doi.org/10.3390/app16126017

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