Microbiological Safety of Industrially Produced Plant-Based Meat Alternatives During Refrigerated Storage: A Descriptive Study

The growing popularity of plant-based meat alternatives (PBMAs) has increased interest in their microbiological safety, particularly during refrigerated storage. However, despite the rapid expansion of this product category, limited information is available on the microbiological status of industrially produced, heat-treated PBMAs. This study evaluated the microbiological safety of heat-treated PBMAs during refrigerated storage using a descriptive approach. A total of 100 formulations, including salami-type and frankfurter-type products, were produced under standardized industrial conditions and subjected to thermal processing at a core temperature of ≥92 °C. Microbiological analyses were carried out at four storage intervals (day 0, 15, 35, and 60 during storage at 0–4 °C), focusing on selected foodborne pathogens and hygiene indicator microorganisms, together with key physicochemical parameters, including pH, water activity, moisture content, and salt content. Salmonella spp., Listeria monocytogenes and Enterobacteriaceae were not detected in any sample throughout the storage period. Hygiene indicator microorganisms were not detected during early storage (day 0–15), while limited occurrence was recorded at extended storage (day 60), including Escherichia coli (3%), coagulase-positive Staphylococcus aureus (20%), and Bacillus cereus (15%). Detected Staphylococcus aureus levels ranged between 10³ and 10⁵ CFU/g. Overall, the results suggest good microbiological stability during early refrigerated storage, with some microbial presence appearing at extended storage. These findings provide a practical overview of the microbiological safety of heat-treated PBMAs under typical industrial processing and storage conditions. From an industrial perspective, these results may support the establishment of appropriate refrigerated storage limits, post-processing hygiene control, and routine microbiological monitoring strategies for heat-treated PBMAs.