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Article

AI-Powered System to Facilitate Personalized Adaptive Learning in Digital Transformation

by
Yao Yao
* and
Horacio González–Vélez
*
National College of Ireland, Dublin D01N6P6, Ireland
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(9), 4989; https://doi.org/10.3390/app15094989
Submission received: 4 April 2025 / Revised: 24 April 2025 / Accepted: 28 April 2025 / Published: 30 April 2025

Featured Application

The proposed framework can be integrated into learning platforms to enhance personalized adaptive learning. By leveraging knowledge-driven agents and RAG pipelines, this framework improves the accuracy and effectiveness of AI assistants, while expanding their capabilities through the incorporation of customized knowledge. Continuous updates to the knowledge base enable AI models to dynamically adapt to individual learners, delivering context-aware and precise responses tailored to their needs. This approach is particularly valuable for integrated interdisciplinary learning such as digital transformation, where multidisciplinary knowledge integration plays a crucial role in fostering deeper understanding and knowledge retention.

Abstract

As Large Language Models (LLMs) incorporate generative Artificial Intelligence (AI) and complex machine learning algorithms, they have proven to be highly effective in assisting human users with complex professional tasks through natural language interaction. However, in addition to their current capabilities, LLMs occasionally generate responses that contain factual inaccuracies, stemming from their dependence on the parametric knowledge they encapsulate. To avoid such inaccuracies, also known as hallucinations, people use domain-specific knowledge (expertise) to support LLMs in the corresponding task, but the necessary knowledge engineering process usually requires considerable manual effort from experts. In this paper, we developed an approach to leverage the collective strengths of multiple agents to automatically facilitate the knowledge engineering process and then use the learned knowledge and Retrieval Augmented Generation (RAG) pipelines to optimize the performance of LLMs in domain-specific tasks. Through this approach, we effectively build AI assistants based on particular customized knowledge to help students better carry out personalized adaptive learning in digital transformation. Our initial tests demonstrated that integrating a Knowledge Graph (KG) within a RAG framework significantly improved the quality of domain-specific outputs generated by the LLMs. The results also revealed performance fluctuations for LLMs across varying contexts, underscoring the critical need for domain-specific knowledge support to enhance AI-driven adaptive learning systems.
Keywords: large language models; personalized adaptive learning; retrieval augmented generation; multi-agent system; digital transformation large language models; personalized adaptive learning; retrieval augmented generation; multi-agent system; digital transformation

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Yao, Y.; González–Vélez, H. AI-Powered System to Facilitate Personalized Adaptive Learning in Digital Transformation. Appl. Sci. 2025, 15, 4989. https://doi.org/10.3390/app15094989

AMA Style

Yao Y, González–Vélez H. AI-Powered System to Facilitate Personalized Adaptive Learning in Digital Transformation. Applied Sciences. 2025; 15(9):4989. https://doi.org/10.3390/app15094989

Chicago/Turabian Style

Yao, Yao, and Horacio González–Vélez. 2025. "AI-Powered System to Facilitate Personalized Adaptive Learning in Digital Transformation" Applied Sciences 15, no. 9: 4989. https://doi.org/10.3390/app15094989

APA Style

Yao, Y., & González–Vélez, H. (2025). AI-Powered System to Facilitate Personalized Adaptive Learning in Digital Transformation. Applied Sciences, 15(9), 4989. https://doi.org/10.3390/app15094989

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