Morphofunctional Characteristics of the Foot and Ankle in Competitive Swimmers and Their Association with Muscle Pain
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
Data Analysis
- s. Standard deviation estimation based on this study. A mean value of 3.8 standard deviations was obtained.
- α. Type I error. An a priori value of α = 0.05 was used.
- β. Type II error. 1 − β is the power, which is the value to be calculated.
- d. Minimum detectable difference. In this study, the mean difference was 2.7.
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Limitations of the Study
6. Conclusions
7. Perspective
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variable | Measurement Unit | Group Junior (Media ± DE) | Group Absolut (Media ± DE) |
---|---|---|---|
Age | Years | 17.0 ± 0.8 | 21.1 ± 1.5 |
Weight | kg | 70.5 ± 5.4 | 73.8 ± 6.2 |
Height | cm | 175.2 ± 6.1 | 178.4 ± 5.8 |
Ankle Dorsiflexion (Knee extended) | Degrees (°) | 10.5 ± 2.1 | 8.7 ± 1.9 |
Ankle Dorsiflexion (Knee flexion) | Degrees (°) | 12.3 ± 2.5 | 10.1 ± 2.3 |
Rearfoot Mobility | Degrees (°) | 10.1 ± 2.3 | 7.5 ± 1.6 |
Dorsal Flexion of the 1st MTP | Degrees (°) | 50.4 ± 5.2 | 47.2 ± 4.8 |
Firs Ray Mobility | mm | 6.5 ± 1.3 | 5.2 ± 1.5 |
Foot Posture (FPI) | Scale (−12 to +12) | 4.0 ± 2.0 | 3.0 ± 2.0 |
Arch Eight | Degrees (Clarke’s angle) | 38.2 ± 3.5 | 36.8 ± 4.1 |
Plantar Pressure | kPa | 250.4 ± 30.2 | 270.6 ± 28.9 |
Pain Presence (NPRS) | Scale (0–10) | 3.8 ± 1.2 | 4.1 ± 1.3 |
Pain Location | Category | Triceps surae, plantar muscles | Triceps surae, plantar muscles |
Competition Category | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Junior N = 38 (51.4%) | Absolute N = 36 (48.6%) | Chi-Square Tests | |||||
N | % | N | % | p 1 | Value | df | |
Sex | 0.587 | 0.000159 | 1 | ||||
Man | 20 | 52.6 | 19 | 52.8 | |||
Woman | 18 | 47.4 | 17 | 47.2 | |||
Right Triceps Surae | 18 | 47.4 | 24 | 66.7 | 0.075 | 2.805 | 1 |
Left Triceps Surae | 21 | 55.3 | 27 | 75.0 | 0.062 | 3.160 | 1 |
Right Plantar Muscles | 17 | 44.7 | 23 | 63.9 | 0.078 | 2.730 | 1 |
Left Plantar Muscles | 18 | 47.4 | 21 | 58.3 | 0.239 | 0.892 | 1 |
Junior N = 38 (51.4%) | Absolute N = 36 (48.6%) | p | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
N | % | N | % | ||
Right FPI | 0.030 | ||||
Neutral | 15 | 39.5 | 24 | 66.7 | |
Pronated | 10 | 26.3 | 8 | 22.2 | |
Supinated | 13 | 34.2 | 4 | 11.1 | |
Left FPI | 0.110 | ||||
Neutral | 15 | 39.5 | 23 | 63.9 | |
Pronated | 14 | 36.8 | 8 | 22.2 | |
Supinated | 9 | 23.7 | 5 | 13.9 | |
HV Right feet | 0.201 | ||||
A | 32 | 97.0 | 27 | 84.4 | |
B | 1 | 3.0 | 4 | 12.5 | |
C | 0 | 0 | 1 | 3.1 | |
HV Left feet | 0.037 | ||||
A | 31 | 93.9 | 24 | 75.0 | |
B | 2 | 6.1 | 8 | 25.0 | |
Arch height right Feet | 0.676 | ||||
Normal | 7 | 18.4 | 4 | 11.1 | |
Low | 3 | 7.9 | 3 | 8.3 | |
High | 28 | 73.7 | 29 | 80.6 | |
Arch height left Feet | 0.327 | ||||
Normal | 10 | 26.3 | 5 | 13.9 | |
Low | 2 | 5.3 | 1 | 2.8 | |
High | 26 | 68.4 | 30 | 83.3 |
Competition Category | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Junior N = 38 (51.4%) | Absolute N = 36 (48.6%) | |||||||||
Mean | SD | Median | IQR | Mean | SD | Median | IQR | p | Effect Sizes | |
Ankle dorsal flexion with right knee extended | 10.3 | 2.2 | 10 | 8–12 | 7.2 | 3.0 | 7 | 4.5–9.5 | <0.001 2 | 0.530 4 |
Ankle dorsal flexion with left knee extended | 10.3 | 2.4 | 10 | 10–12 | 7.2 | 2.8 | 8 | 4.5–10.0 | <0.001 2 | 0.543 4 |
Ankle dorsal flexion with right knee flexion | 18.6 | 2.9 | 20 | 18–20 | 15.9 | 4.7 | 16 | 12–20 | 0.014 2 | 0.287 4 |
Ankle dorsal flexion with left knee flexion | 18.7 | 3.1 | 18 | 18–20 | 15.9 | 4.9 | 16 | 12–20 | 0.006 2 | 0.320 4 |
Right rearfoot inversion | 27.1 | 5.8 | 28 | 23.5–30.0 | 22.3 | 4.7 | 22 | 20–26 | <0.001 1 | 0.891 3 |
Left rearfoot inversion | 25.4 | 5.2 | 24 | 22–30 | 20.8 | 5.9 | 21 | 18–24 | <0.001 1 | 0.830 3 |
Right rearfoot eversion | 9.7 | 2.8 | 10 | 8–12 | 7.6 | 3.0 | 8 | 6–10 | 0.004 2 | 0.336 4 |
Left rearfoot eversion | 10.7 | 2.6 | 11 | 9.5–12.0 | 8.7 | 2.8 | 8 | 6.5–10.0 | 0.002 2 | 0.360 4 |
Right first MPJ dorsal flexion | 58.1 | 7.4 | 58 | 52–64 | 53.2 | 11.3 | 54 | 50–60 | 0.088 2 | |
Left first MPJ dorsal flexion | 59.5 | 7.8 | 60 | 54.0–62.5 | 53.2 | 10.0 | 54 | 48–60 | 0.008 2 | 0.308 4 |
Right first ray dorsiflexion | 3.5 | 1.0 | 3.5 | 3–4 | 4.2 | 0.8 | 4 | 4–5 | 0.002 2 | 0.364 4 |
Left first ray dorsiflexion | 3.3 | 1.1 | 3 | 2–4 | 4.3 | 1.1 | 5 | 3.3–5.0 | <0.001 2 | 0.401 4 |
Right first ray plantarflexion | 5.5 | 0.9 | 6 | 5–6 | 5.4 | 1.0 | 5.5 | 5–6 | 0.550 2 | |
Left first ray plantarflexion | 5.7 | 0.8 | 6 | 5–6 | 5.7 | 0.7 | 6 | 5–6 | 0.869 2 |
Competition Category | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Junior N = 38 (51.4%) | Absolute N = 36 (48.6%) | ||||||||
Mean | SD | Median | IQR | Mean | SD | Median | IQR | p | |
Right forefoot | 17.6 | 7.4 | 16.1 | 12.8–20.3 | 19.3 | 6.2 | 18.7 | 15.4–23.1 | 0.063 2 |
Left forefoot | 22.1 | 6.3 | 21.1 | 17.7–26.7 | 23.3 | 8.0 | 22.8 | 17.0–29.5 | 0.479 1 |
Right rearfoot | 30.0 | 7.5 | 31.5 | 26.9–34.2 | 27.5 | 8.1 | 27.1 | 25.4–32.9 | 0.086 2 |
Left rearfoot | 30.3 | 7.0 | 31.9 | 25.2–35.1 | 29.9 | 11.5 | 29.1 | 24.7–33.6 | 0.187 2 |
Whole right foot | 47.6 | 4.3 | 47.1 | 45.6–50.4 | 26.8 | 10.1 | 48.3 | 46.9–50.4 | 0.312 2 |
Whole left foot | 52.4 | 4.3 | 52.9 | 49.6–54.4 | 53.2 | 10.1 | 51.7 | 49.6–53.1 | 0.312 2 |
Both forefeet | 39.6 | 12.5 | 37.4 | 31.5–48.2 | 42.6 | 11.9 | 42.8 | 34.3–51.2 | 0.144 2 |
Both rearfeet | 60.4 | 12.5 | 62.7 | 51.8–68.5 | 57.4 | 11.9 | 57.3 | 48.8–65.7 | 0.144 2 |
Competition Category | Right Triceps Surae Pain | Left Triceps Surae Pain | Right Ankle Dorsal Flexion with Knee Flexion (Degrees) | Left Ankle Dorsal Flexion with Knee Flexion (Degrees) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Junior | No pain | No pain | 19.98–22.01 | 18.03–22.02 |
Absolute | Pain | Pain | 11.98–18.00 | 12.04–18.03 |
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Jiménez-Braganza, C.; Sáez-Díaz, A.; Munuera-Martínez, P.V. Morphofunctional Characteristics of the Foot and Ankle in Competitive Swimmers and Their Association with Muscle Pain. Appl. Sci. 2025, 15, 3755. https://doi.org/10.3390/app15073755
Jiménez-Braganza C, Sáez-Díaz A, Munuera-Martínez PV. Morphofunctional Characteristics of the Foot and Ankle in Competitive Swimmers and Their Association with Muscle Pain. Applied Sciences. 2025; 15(7):3755. https://doi.org/10.3390/app15073755
Chicago/Turabian StyleJiménez-Braganza, Cristina, Antonia Sáez-Díaz, and Pedro Vicente Munuera-Martínez. 2025. "Morphofunctional Characteristics of the Foot and Ankle in Competitive Swimmers and Their Association with Muscle Pain" Applied Sciences 15, no. 7: 3755. https://doi.org/10.3390/app15073755
APA StyleJiménez-Braganza, C., Sáez-Díaz, A., & Munuera-Martínez, P. V. (2025). Morphofunctional Characteristics of the Foot and Ankle in Competitive Swimmers and Their Association with Muscle Pain. Applied Sciences, 15(7), 3755. https://doi.org/10.3390/app15073755