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Article

Uncoupled Fracture Indicator Dependent on the Third Invariant and the Level of Ductility: Applications in Predominant Shear Loading

by
Leonel L. Delgado-Morales
1,
Lucas O. Barros
2 and
Lucival Malcher
2,3,*
1
Institute of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering Sciences, Austral University of Chile, Miraflores Campus, General Lagos 2086, Valdivia 5110912, Chile
2
Department of Mechanical Engineering Campus Darcy Ribeiro, Faculty of Technology, University of Brasília, Asa Norte, Brasília 70910-900, DF, Brazil
3
INEGI–Institute of Science and Innovation in Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Porto, Campus da FEUP, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 400, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(23), 12689; https://doi.org/10.3390/app152312689
Submission received: 10 November 2025 / Revised: 27 November 2025 / Accepted: 28 November 2025 / Published: 29 November 2025
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Solid Mechanics and Its Applications)

Abstract

This contribution presents an improved ductile fracture indicator that is dependent on the normalized third invariant and the plastic strain at fracture, which is in turn dependent on the stress state of the material. Lemaitre’s damage model is used to numerically evaluate the location and level of displacement required to initiate ductile fracture of the alloy. Along with this analysis, the constitutive model based on Gao’s criterion was implemented, to which the fracture indicator was coupled. The proposed fracture indicator is considered a damage denominator function dependent on the normalized third invariant and the plastic strain at the fracture. This damage denominator function seeks to regulate the rate of evolution of the degradation of the material according to its state of stress and level of ductility, which makes the indicator, coupled with the post-processing step of Gao’s model, satisfactorily predict the correct level of force, the appropriate location, and the displacement necessary for the fracture of the material. The predictions made with the help of the indicator were compared to the performance of Lemaitre’s model. In addition, specimens that describe the low triaxiality ratio were evaluated using AISI 4340 alloy at different ductility levels. The new indicator proved to be more advantageous in predicting the mechanical behavior in the fracture of the material for different types of loads, allowing a good estimate of the displacement in the fracture and the levels of force.
Keywords: ductile fracture indicator; stress triaxiality; normalized third invariant; plastic strain; AISI 4340 alloy ductile fracture indicator; stress triaxiality; normalized third invariant; plastic strain; AISI 4340 alloy

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MDPI and ACS Style

Delgado-Morales, L.L.; Barros, L.O.; Malcher, L. Uncoupled Fracture Indicator Dependent on the Third Invariant and the Level of Ductility: Applications in Predominant Shear Loading. Appl. Sci. 2025, 15, 12689. https://doi.org/10.3390/app152312689

AMA Style

Delgado-Morales LL, Barros LO, Malcher L. Uncoupled Fracture Indicator Dependent on the Third Invariant and the Level of Ductility: Applications in Predominant Shear Loading. Applied Sciences. 2025; 15(23):12689. https://doi.org/10.3390/app152312689

Chicago/Turabian Style

Delgado-Morales, Leonel L., Lucas O. Barros, and Lucival Malcher. 2025. "Uncoupled Fracture Indicator Dependent on the Third Invariant and the Level of Ductility: Applications in Predominant Shear Loading" Applied Sciences 15, no. 23: 12689. https://doi.org/10.3390/app152312689

APA Style

Delgado-Morales, L. L., Barros, L. O., & Malcher, L. (2025). Uncoupled Fracture Indicator Dependent on the Third Invariant and the Level of Ductility: Applications in Predominant Shear Loading. Applied Sciences, 15(23), 12689. https://doi.org/10.3390/app152312689

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