Sustainable Performance Building Design as a Driver of Post-Industrial Urban Transformation: Case Studies from Katowice, Poland

Abstract

Post-industrial cities across Europe are undergoing profound transformation, where sustainable building design plays an increasingly strategic role in redefining urban identity and function. The transition toward sustainable urban environments requires innovative construction technologies and performance-driven standards. This study examines the role of sustainable building design in post-industrial urban regeneration, focusing on Katowice, Poland—a city undergoing significant socio-spatial and economic transformation. Through descriptive case studies of selected buildings, the research highlights how high-performance construction techniques, including advanced insulation, energy-efficient ventilation, and integrated daylighting, contribute to prestigious certifications while reducing energy demand for heating, cooling, and lighting. Beyond technical performance, the analyzed projects demonstrate how sustainable buildings can act as catalysts for post-industrial urban renewal, fostering social engagement, environmental responsibility, and architectural innovation. The novelty of this work lies in linking building-scale sustainability interventions with city-scale urban transformation dynamics, offering practical insights for similar post-industrial contexts in Central and Eastern Europe. This research provides the first comparative analysis of certified and non-certified sustainable buildings in the context of post-industrial regeneration in this region. The post-industrial revitalization of Katowice is largely driven by advancements in building energy systems, such as high-efficiency HVAC technologies and other sustainable solutions. The findings demonstrate that sustainable architecture can act as a tangible driver of social, economic, and spatial renewal, providing practical insights for post-industrial regeneration strategies across similar urban contexts.

1. Introduction

The growth of ecological awareness and dynamic climate change lead modern cities to adopt sustainable solutions in the field of urbanization. Green urban development has become a key element of planning policy worldwide. More and more cities are implementing ecological building standards, such as LEED (Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design) and BREEAM (Building Research Establishment Environmental Assessment Method), which define high requirements for energy efficiency, reduction of greenhouse gas emissions, and minimization of the use of natural resources [1,2,3]. In particular, cities with intensive infrastructure development focus on minimizing the negative environmental impact of buildings, for example, through innovative construction technologies.

The growing trend of reducing CO₂ emissions and limiting energy consumption favors the popularity of green buildings, which is becoming a standard in modern urbanization. The global climate policy goal is to decarbonize industry and develop new, efficient, and ecologically friendly structures, leading to “zero” net emissions by 2050, following the European Green Deal and the Paris Agreement [4]. To address these challenges, contemporary construction employs innovative technologies that enhance energy efficiency while reducing environmental impact. Modern construction solutions contribute significantly to the growth of green cities by supporting sustainable urban development [5,6]. Systems such as advanced aluminum systems used in building facades, windows, and solar blinds, thanks to their high thermal insulation and the ability to optimally use daylight, contribute to improving the energy balance of buildings [7]. Innovative construction technologies enable a substantial decrease in energy consumption, thereby reducing the demand for artificial lighting and heating [5]. Additionally, these systems support effective ventilation, which contributes to improving indoor comfort and reducing harmful emissions into the atmosphere [8]. Modern cities that incorporate such solutions into their urban projects can serve as model examples of how modern construction can support ecological goals and contribute to the construction of more sustainable and climate-resistant urban spaces.

One of the most important aspects of the impact of modern construction solutions on the energy efficiency of buildings is the improvement of thermal insulation and ventilation systems. Advanced insulation materials, such as composite panels with low thermal conductivity, polyurethane foams, and multi-layer window panes, enable a significant reduction in heat loss in buildings. The introduction of innovative technologies, such as thermally insulating facades and low-emission windows, minimizes heat transfer through walls, windows, and roofs, which directly translates into lower energy consumption for heating in winter and cooling in summer.

Improving the energy efficiency of buildings is not limited to thermal insulation. Modern ventilation systems also play a crucial role, as they enable controlled air exchange without lowering the internal temperature. An example is ventilation systems with heat recovery (recuperators), which use the heat from exhaust air to heat the supply air. In this way, thermal energy is used effectively and heat losses are minimized. Additionally, modern ventilation systems are often integrated with intelligent sensors. They monitor air quality and automatically adjust the ventilation level, reducing energy consumption and improving user comfort.

Modern construction technologies aim to maximize the use of natural resources, such as daylight, which significantly reduces electricity consumption for lighting and heating. The introduction of large-glazed window systems and modern facades that optimize access to sunlight allows for maximum use of natural light during the day. As a result, buildings require much less artificial lighting, which directly translates into lower energy consumption. Additionally, innovative solutions in the field of sun protection, such as automatic external roller blinds and facades with dynamically adjustable screens, provide control of the amount of light entering the interior of buildings. Such technologies enable optimization of lighting conditions while protecting interiors from excessive heating on sunny days, which in turn reduces the demand for energy to power the air conditioning system. Promising solutions for sustainable architecture are photovoltaic (PV) windows in highly glazed buildings [9] and dynamic façades, which enhance energy performance and environmental adaptability [10].

Post-industrial urban transformation is shaped by various factors. Former industrial zones often face economic decline and fragmented infrastructure, creating opportunities for sustainable redevelopment. Post-industrial urban transformation results from the interaction of spatial, social, economic, environmental, and technological factors, with sustainable design acting as a key catalyst linking these dimensions. Figure 1 presents the most important categories of factors influencing the transformation process of post-industrial cities.

Green-space strategies are central to post-industrial recovery. Starczewski et al. [11] demonstrate that green space development is frequently overlooked in Polish post-industrial cities, hindering the establishment of urban green resilience. Therefore, managing urban green spaces should prioritize strategies that enhance resilience and sustainability. Similarly, Chen et al. [12] demonstrate that connecting industrial corridors into green networks improves urban connectivity and multifunctionality, illustrating the role of design in shaping livable post-industrial spaces. Social perception also influences transformation success. Huang et al. [13] find that heritage preservation, vegetation patterns, and programming enhance public engagement with regenerated landscapes, highlighting the need for human-centered design. Governance and market dynamics further determine outcomes. Gu et al. [14] show that effective revitalization requires coordination among municipal authorities, grassroots actors, and private developers, emphasizing flexible policy frameworks and participatory planning. Multifunctional nature-based solutions strengthen social and economic viability. Dogan et al. [15] illustrate in Turin how urban agriculture, co-created green spaces, and living labs on former industrial sites foster tourism, employment, and community engagement. Overall, post-industrial urban transformation depends on integrated design, stakeholder engagement, and resource alignment. Sustainable building and landscape interventions not only improve environmental performance but also drive multifunctional, resilient, and socially accepted urban regeneration.

The presented study analyzes the innovative construction solutions for the development of sustainable cities. It focuses on the use of advanced building materials and technological systems that allow for the improvement of energy efficiency and the reduction of pollutant emissions in modern commercial buildings. Examples of such solutions include passive heating systems, façade systems, windows, and doors with high thermal insulation, which contribute to energy savings. In particular, the study focuses on examples of construction projects implemented in Katowice, Poland. Katowice is an example of a city in a highly industrialized area. The decrease in hard coal extraction, the closure of mines, and pro-ecological policies led to the green transformation of this region of Poland and the development of green buildings. This paper aims to analyze how advanced green construction technologies contribute to sustainable urban transformation in post-industrial regions. The key research questions guiding this study are (1) What design strategies and technological solutions are most commonly implemented in certified green buildings in Katowice? (2) How are these technologies integrated into the green transformation of Katowice? To address these questions, the following structure is adopted: Section 2 presents a review of sustainable building technologies and certification frameworks. Section 3 introduces the research methodology and selection of case studies. Section 4 analyzes key examples from Katowice, while Section 5 discusses the broader implications and concludes with insights and policy recommendations.

2. Literature Review

To better understand the scope of green urban transformation, Section 2 presents a comprehensive literature review of technologies and certification systems supporting sustainable construction. The focus was placed on solutions and certification, mostly used in Poland.

2.1. Sustainable Construction Approach and Technologies

Modern construction, striving to meet the standards of sustainable development, is based on innovative materials that are characterized by both high energy efficiency and minimal environmental impact [1,16]. These materials, in addition to excellent thermal insulation, are characterized by long service life and the possibility of recycling, which reduces their ecological footprint throughout the entire building life cycle. One of the key materials used in modern ecological construction is advanced aluminum systems, which are used in facades, windows, and doors. Aluminum, due to its lightness and corrosion resistance, has become one of the preferred materials in external structures. It is used in thermal breaks to improve the energy efficiency of buildings. Additionally, materials such as low-emission glass, stainless steel, and innovative polymers, such as geopolymers or fiber-reinforced polymers [17,18,19], are commonly used in ecologically certified buildings, contributing to the reduction of energy and water consumption. The use of advanced materials enables buildings to meet energy efficiency requirements while providing residents and users with enhanced thermal comfort and improved lighting conditions [20].

Curtain wall systems combine aesthetic and energy functions. Usually, systems are made of aluminum and glass, which allows for the creation of lightweight, modern facades. This solution not only improves the building’s appearance but also provides a high level of thermal insulation [21]. It allows for the maximization of daylight access to the interiors, reducing the need for artificial lighting and thus decreasing electricity consumption. Additionally, curtain wall systems can be equipped with integrated ventilation systems and sun blinds that automatically regulate the airflow and the amount of light entering the rooms. As a result, buildings are more energy-efficient due to better management of the internal temperature, which reduces the need for air conditioning and heating. The high quality and energy efficiency of facade systems contribute to achieving higher ratings in certifications, which makes them an indispensable element of modern, sustainable buildings [22].

Another important element in sustainable construction is narrow windows with large glazing areas (slimline windows), which enable better use of daylight. These windows are characterized by very narrow frames made of advanced aluminum profiles with low thermal conductivity. Optimal use of daylight is crucial for improving the comfort of building users and reducing lighting-related costs [2]. Studies prove that access to natural light has a positive impact on the mental and physical health of users, improving mood, reducing stress levels, and increasing work efficiency [2,23].

Similarly, doors made of materials with low thermal conductivity, such as advanced aluminum or steel systems with thermal insulation, help to reduce the energy demand. The use of thermally insulated doors is particularly valuable in buildings with large commercial or office spaces, where door openings can be responsible for significant energy loss. Innovative doors are designed to minimize the penetration of cold into the building and prevent heat from escaping to the outside, which contributes to energy savings and increases user comfort. In combination with other elements, such as facade systems or slimline windows, thermally insulated doors are an integral part of sustainable construction, contributing to improved energy efficiency and reducing the carbon footprint of buildings [5,24].

The transformation of cities into a sustainable urban center is underpinned by the adoption of advanced façade and ventilation technologies that significantly reduce energy demand and CO₂ emissions. One of the key components in this transition is the implementation of ventilated façades, which create an air gap between the cladding and insulation layers, enabling natural convection that reduces thermal gains and enhances insulation performance [25]. Studies show that such façades can reduce cooling energy consumption by up to 43% annually in warmer climates. This value may vary in temperate conditions, as in Poland, but the relative reduction remains significant [26]. Complementing this are double-skin façades, particularly those incorporating naturally or mechanically ventilated cavities, which optimize daylighting and thermal buffering, reducing cooling demand by 22–32% annually [27]. In terms of mechanical systems, heat recovery ventilation (HRV) is a widely used solution in energy-efficient buildings. HRV recycles heat from exhaust air to pre-warm incoming fresh air, leading to yearly savings of up to 2600 kWh, depending on air exchange rates and insulation levels [28]. In addition, demand-controlled ventilation (DCV) systems, which react to humidity and occupancy patterns, have been shown to reduce CO₂ concentrations by 32% in upper-floor units of residential buildings, along with notable primary energy savings of 11.64 kWh/m² [29].

Recent research on sustainable urban development and energy efficiency in Poland reflects a growing emphasis on aligning cities with environmental priorities and technological advancement. Brzeziński and Wyrwicka [30] analyze the strategic development of smart cities in Poland, highlighting the interplay between digital infrastructure, urban governance, and citizen involvement. Their findings suggest that while technological progress, particularly in large cities as Warsaw and Gdańsk, is promising, the integration of these technologies across municipal systems is limited. Moreover, they argue that citizen participation is often superficial, with few effective mechanisms for genuine public engagement. The authors propose a framework for assessing smart city maturity and stress the need for long-term, inclusive planning policies. In the residential sector, Cieśliński et al. [31] investigate energy consumption in thermally modernized buildings equipped with weather-controlled central heating systems. Their case study demonstrates that such systems significantly reduce energy usage, especially in retrofitted older buildings. However, the authors emphasize that technological improvements must be complemented by user awareness and engagement, as behavioral factors substantially influence energy performance outcomes. This underscores the importance of integrating technical solutions with social and behavioral dimensions in energy management. A similar emphasis on sustainable building practices is found in the work of Mazur et al. [22], who examine the role of green building certifications (e.g., BREEAM and LEED) in Warsaw’s commercial real estate market. Their study confirms that certified buildings yield notable benefits, including reduced energy consumption, increased property value, and higher occupant satisfaction. Nonetheless, the adoption of certification remains largely limited to high-end developments, in part due to insufficient regulatory incentives. The authors argue that stronger public policy is needed to facilitate the broader diffusion of green construction standards across the real estate sector. On a more conceptual level, Mihaylov and Sala [32] critically assess urban planning in Katowice through the lens of sustainable urban utopianism. They question whether the city’s development strategies reflect genuine transformation or merely adopt the rhetoric of global sustainability discourse. Their analysis reveals a tendency toward “aesthetic sustainability,” where projects focus more on appearances than on addressing deeper social and environmental challenges. This critique highlights the importance of grounding sustainability initiatives in the local context and participatory planning processes.

This literature review illustrates both progress and persistent challenges in Poland’s transition toward sustainable urban development. Common themes include the fragmentation of policies, limited cross-sectoral integration, and underdeveloped public participation. While large urban centers are making strides in implementing smart technologies and green certifications, smaller municipalities often lack the resources and institutional capacity to follow suit. Moreover, social equity remains a largely overlooked dimension in current sustainability efforts.

2.2. Green Building Certificates

Green building certificates are multi-criteria systems for assessing pro-ecological buildings [7]. Many institutions worldwide have developed proposals for methods of building assessments. The most popular certificates include the American LEED (Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design), the British BREEAM (Building Research Establishment Environmental Assessment Method), the German DGNB (Deutsche Gesellschaft für Nachhaltiges Bauen), the French HQE (Haute Qualité Environmentale), the American WELL, and the Polish ZIELONY DOM certificate, which was introduced by the Polish Green Building Council (PLGBC) and is intended for residential construction [1,23,33].

Table 1. Summary of basic information on selected green certifications [34,35,36,37,38,39,40,41].

Certificate Name	Origin	Primary Focus	Key Features	Assessment Levels	Geographic Use
BREEAM [36]	UK	Sustainability in building design, construction, and operation	Early-stage assessment, flexible criteria, adaptable to local context	Pass, Good, Very Good, Excellent, Outstanding	Widely used in Europe
LEED [37]	USA	Environmental performance and resource efficiency	Points-based system, categories like energy, water, materials	Certified, Silver, Gold, Platinum	Global (strong in the Americas)
DGNB [38]	Germany	Holistic sustainability, lifecycle assessment	Performance-based, life-cycle cost and impact, triple bottom line approach	Bronze, Silver, Gold, Platinum	Europe, especially Germany
WELL [39]	USA	Human health and well-being in buildings	Focus on air, water, nourishment, light, fitness, comfort, and mind	Bronze, Silver, Gold, Platinum	Global
HQE [40]	France	Environmental quality and sustainability	Emphasis on quality of life, environmental performance, and economic performance	Base, Excellent, Exceptional	France
Zielony Dom [41]	Poland	Sustainable housing and residential buildings	Tailored to the Polish market, simpler certification, residential focus	Basic (Certified), Advanced	Poland

presents basic information about the most popular green certificates.

Building certification plays a crucial role in promoting sustainable construction and architecture worldwide, supporting innovations in the construction industry, and promoting modern solutions that minimize the negative impact on the environment while increasing the comfort of building users. They are a measurable assessment tool that allows developers, investors, and public institutions to evaluate the environmental impact of buildings. These certificates are based on a multi-criteria assessment of buildings, the aim of which is to identify and reward the best practices in the design, construction, and management of buildings [22].

Green certificates are an educational tool that raises awareness of the importance of sustainable development in the construction industry [42,43]. Developers and building users, thanks to certificates, can better understand the benefits of investing in energy-saving technologies and sustainable materials. Green certificates have become not only an assessment tool but also an important marketing element [1,2,44]. A growing number of developers and investors perceive having a certificate as a key asset that increases the value of real estate on the market, attracts more environmentally conscious tenants, and strengthens the reputation of companies as leaders in environmental responsibility. Certified buildings are perceived as modern, innovative, and adapted to global standards of sustainable development, which also promotes an ecological approach in construction [45]. Green building certification systems play a pivotal role in shaping sustainable urban development by promoting environmentally responsible construction and operation practices. These systems establish comprehensive frameworks that assess buildings across multiple performance categories, including energy efficiency, water usage, materials selection, waste reduction, and occupant health. Their influence extends beyond technical compliance while green certifications increasingly shape real estate market dynamics, urban design standards, and policy frameworks. Certified buildings are perceived as higher-value assets with enhanced long-term operational performance, contributing to reduced CO₂ emissions and lower utility costs. For instance, studies show that certified office buildings command rental premiums of up to 6.8% in less central locations and enjoy higher occupancy rates due to growing tenant awareness and demand for sustainable workspaces [46,47]. Comparative analyses of the costs of non-certified and certified buildings in Poland have shown a strong dependence of investment profitability on the discount rate adopted. Assuming 4% rate, the investment starts to be profitable after about seven years, while at a rate of 9%, after about 12 years [48]. Certification systems also serve as decision-support tools during the design phase, providing benchmarks that drive architectural innovation, integration of renewable technologies, and occupant-focused design principles [49].

2.3. Nature-Based and Passive Solutions

The integration of Nature-Based Solutions (NBS) and passive strategies results in a number of measurable environmental and energy benefits. Green roofs, plant facades, and small retention elements not only enhance the aesthetics of urban spaces but, above all, contribute to the reduction of carbon dioxide emissions by improving thermal insulation and decreasing the demand for energy for cooling [50,51]. This effect is particularly noticeable thanks to the processes of evaporation and natural shading, which limit heat gains through the building surfaces, thus reducing the urban heat island (UHI) effect [52]. Additionally, vegetation acts as a natural filter, improving air quality by absorbing suspended dust and polluting gases [50]. From the perspective of water management, NBS systems such as retention roofs support stormwater management and reduce the risk of flooding [53].

In turn, passive strategies, such as optimal location of the building according to the cardinal directions, use of shading elements, natural ventilation, or thermal mass, significantly reduce the demand for energy for heating and cooling rooms [23]. Combining these approaches with intelligent building management systems enables dynamic adjustment of internal conditions to environmental conditions [54]. Moreover, the implementation of passive systems and green infrastructure enhances not only energy efficiency but also the social well-being of users, ensuring their health and quality of life [55].

One of the increasingly popular approaches is the implementation of the green building concept by adapting greenery systems, such as green roofs, green walls, green balconies, indoor sky gardens, or sky gardens [56]. Green roofs (GRs) can be divided into three basic types, depending on their design, application, and construction method: extensive GR (EGR), intensive GR (IGR), and semi-intensive GR (SIGR) [57]. EGRs are not used for recreational purposes, and their primary function is their natural function. IGRs are usually flat, suitable for use by people. They most often resemble a traditional garden. SIGRs are characterized by a similar construction technology to extensive roofs and ecological assumptions. It is characterized by an increased number of possible plant species compared to EGR and can be made available to users [51]. Green roofs are a popular method of eco-compensation. EGRs have low or no requirements for irrigation. Due to minimal or no maintenance, such roofs must have particularly well-selected vegetation. The literature distinguishes a subgroup of EGRs with low maintenance requirements (LEGR) [58]. Green walls can be divided into two main types: living wall and green facade. Living walls are a more complex system in which plants can grow in pockets, modular panels, or containers attached to the wall. They require regular maintenance and irrigation. A green facade is a system of plants grown directly on the ground and supported by the exterior of a building or a structure attached to a wall. They are relatively simple, require little maintenance, and are inexpensive to install [51]. A detailed review of the literature on the subject presented by Aleksejeva et al. [59] divides the benefits of using green systems into climatic and non-climatic benefits. Among the climatic benefits, we can mention energy and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions savings, carbon sequestration and storage, UHI effect mitigation, microclimate control, and indoor comfort. Non-climate benefits include air pollution mitigation, stormwater retention, improved stormwater runoff quality, noise pollution mitigation, biodiversity, and enhanced human well-being.

2.4. Challenges and Opportunities

Despite the obvious benefits of green certification adaptation in buildings, financial and legal issues remain the greatest challenge for designers and investors. The implementation of advanced technologies and ecological materials is often associated with higher investment costs. Buildings are responsible for 36% of final energy demand and 39% of CO₂ emissions worldwide. Investments in photovoltaic panels, modern insulation systems, ventilation systems, and intelligent energy management systems can significantly increase the construction cost compared to traditional solutions. Although the operating costs of green buildings are lower in the long term and the environmental benefits are significant, many investors remain hesitant due to high initial investment costs [60]. Despite these challenges, numerous opportunities exist for financing green buildings. Financial support programs, including subsidies, preferential loans, and tax breaks, are available at national and international levels, aiming to encourage the use of sustainable technologies. In Poland, programs supporting investments in renewable energy sources and improving the energy efficiency of buildings are gaining popularity, which can significantly reduce initial costs.

Legal issues also pose a challenge to the development of green construction. Green building regulations vary across countries and regions, and their complexity and variability can be a barrier for developers. Certification requirements such as LEED or BREEAM are complicated and time-consuming, which can delay the implementation of construction projects. However, increasing government support and regulations regarding energy standards for buildings (such as the EU Directive on the Energy Efficiency of Buildings [61]) create opportunities to enhance the scale of implementation of sustainable projects.

Another challenge for green construction is the technological capabilities required. Although many innovative solutions are available on the market to support sustainable construction, their full implementation still faces obstacles. The introduction of technologies such as photovoltaic panels, heat pumps, energy management systems, or materials with high thermal insulation requires specialist knowledge and appropriate training for construction companies and architects. The lack of a suitably qualified workforce and access to modern technologies can be a barrier for some markets, especially in less developed regions. Technological progress opens up new opportunities for the development of green construction. The development of artificial intelligence and the Internet of Things (IoT) enables the introduction of intelligent building management systems that automatically adjust energy consumption to weather conditions, user activity, or daytime hours [62]. Additionally, the development of energy storage technologies, such as lithium-ion batteries, enables more efficient use of energy from renewable sources, thereby increasing the energy efficiency of buildings. Further research into building materials with a low carbon footprint, such as low-emission concrete, sustainable wood, or innovative recycled materials, also contributes to the progress in green construction. These solutions help reduce emissions related to material production and improve building efficiency during the operational phase.

The future of green construction appears promising, particularly in light of the growing demand for sustainable urban projects and policies that support the decarbonization of the construction sector. One of the most important trends will be the development of Zero Energy Buildings (ZEBs), which produce as much energy as they consume [63]. The increasing availability of renewable energy technologies, such as photovoltaics and geothermal energy, will be a key factor supporting these projects.

Another trend is the development of Positive Energy Buildings (PEBs), which generate more energy than they consume [64]. These buildings can become an integral part of smart energy networks, supplying surplus energy to local networks, thereby contributing to the sustainable development of cities and regions [64]. Figure 2 shows the concept of a positive energy building.

There will also be increasing attention to aspects related to adapting buildings to climate change, including the use of resilient solutions such as stormwater management systems, green roofs, and passive cooling technologies. Digital technologies such as digital twins will become the next key trend in sustainable construction. Digital twins enable the real-time monitoring and management of buildings, allowing for the optimization of energy consumption, monitoring of the building’s technical condition, and improved resource management. Thanks to these technologies, buildings of the future will be more intelligent, efficient, and ecological.

3. Materials and Methods

3.1. Purpose, Scope, and Methods of Research

The study aims to explore how innovative construction solutions contribute to the green transformation of post-industrial urban environments, using Katowice as a representative case. The purpose of this research is to identify and analyze buildings that implement advanced, sustainable construction techniques. The presented examples demonstrate high energy efficiency, environmental performance, and urban integration. A qualitative case study methodology was adopted, which is particularly effective for analyzing complex socio-technical systems in the built environment and for identifying context-specific strategies in sustainable construction. The purposive sampling strategy was guided by the need to examine exemplary projects within the local context, a method supported in prior sustainability assessment research for capturing relevant environmental and architectural practices.

Three selection criteria were used to identify the most appropriate cases:

• Alignment with the post-industrial regeneration framework of Katowice, highlighting urban transformation;
• Implementation of green practices, including BREEAM and WELL certification, or renewable energy sources, or passive building principles;
• Geographical representativeness in terms of visibility, scale, and relevance within the urban core.

The selection of buildings for analysis was determined by the innovative nature of their design solutions and their representative significance within the urban fabric of Katowice. Two earlier examples, the Euro-Centrum and MCK buildings, were included despite the absence of formal certification, owing to their distinctive architectural features, such as advanced façade systems and extensive green roofs. The remaining two buildings were selected based on their attainment of BREEAM certification—one at the Excellent level and the other at the Outstanding level—providing a comparative framework for assessing advanced sustainable design practices in the local context.

Primary data sources included the Polish Green Building Council (PLGBC) certification database [65], official documentation, project websites, and expert opinions. Secondary data included energy performance declarations, sustainability reports, and environmental certifications. It is important to note that full access to operational datasets, including post-occupancy energy consumption or monitoring records, was not available. This limitation constrained the depth of comparative analysis, particularly in assessing the real-life performance of certified technologies.

The analytical framework employed the following tools and techniques:

• Conducting of literature review to identify potentially appropriate solutions regarding the topic.
• Document analysis of certification reports, construction specifications.
• Comparative evaluation of implemented technologies and design approaches according to national and international standards.

Special emphasis was placed on early-stage planning strategies, including passive design, material selection, and building orientation, as well as post-occupancy evaluations. This dual perspective ensures that short-term implementation aligns with long-term sustainability goals of the urban regeneration process, consistent with recommendations in the current literature on integrated green building planning.

To assess how these objectives are realized in practice, the study focuses on a purposive sample of green-certified buildings located within Katowice’s urban core. The selection criteria included spatial representativeness, certification, and alignment with the city’s strategic vision. The analyzed buildings vary in function, offering a comprehensive view of sustainable design strategies in action. These developments were further evaluated using a three-tiered classification of green building strategies:

▪

Passive energy efficiency (e.g., building orientation, insulation, daylighting);

▪

Active system integration (e.g., HVAC, photovoltaics, water reuse);

▪

Life-cycle and post-occupancy performance (e.g., monitoring, material circularity).

3.2. Study Area

Katowice, the capital of the Silesian Voivodeship in southern Poland, has undergone a profound transformation from a heavily industrialized mining hub to a modern metropolitan center prioritizing ecological regeneration and climate resilience. This shift is strongly anchored in strategic planning frameworks at both the regional and municipal levels.

A vision, objectives, and lines of development for this region as a key multi-dimensional long-term plan are outlined in the Development Strategy of the Silesian Voivodeship [66]. The outlined strategy is based on the key values of the regional community, the position, and the regional image. Activities in this area are intended to make the Silesian Voivodeship a modern European region with a competitive economy, the result of responsible transformation, providing development opportunities for its residents and offering a high quality of life in a clean environment. It is also consistent with the City Development Strategy of Katowice [67]. This document aims to adapt development concepts to new trends and policies emerging on a broader scale, including those at the European and national levels. The Katowice 2030 City Development Strategy outlines several initiatives related to green building and sustainable development, primarily through its focus on “Quality of life,” “Metropolitan nature and the city centre area,” and “Transport and City Logistics” strategic fields. A strategic goal is for Katowice to be a city with high and balanced environmental standards in its districts, creating friendly social and natural conditions. This is part of improving the quality of life for all social groups. In the field of energy transformation and emission reduction, the strategy aims to increase the city’s energy efficiency and reduce pollution emitted into the atmosphere. Specific undertakings include the pro-environmental conversion of heating systems, particularly in residential and public buildings, as well as implementing a system for monitoring and improving air and water quality. The strategy also emphasizes improving the quality and diversity of the urban natural environment. This encompasses the development of attractive natural and recreational spaces in green areas, including Bogucki Park and Murckowski Park, as well as near bodies of water such as Dolina Trzech Stawów, Szopienice, Ślepiotka, and Kłodnica. Additionally, Katowice aims to be a city of innovative architecture and urban investments. This includes converting residential fabric into the city center area using environmental technologies. The strategic objective for “Quality of Life” also includes maintaining a high-quality and diverse urban natural environment. Overall, the strategy underlines an integrated approach to sustainable development, linking environmental quality, energy efficiency, green transport, and thoughtful urban planning to enhance the overall quality of life and position Katowice as a smart and sustainable metropolitan center.

The city’s ambition to become a model of sustainable urbanism is also reflected in its approach to architectural innovation. Katowice actively promotes high standards in environmental building performance and supports the use of smart, energy-saving technologies in both private and public investments. Through incentive programs, international cooperation, and planning regulations, the city encourages the use of certified green building practices. In this context, the selection of Katowice as the study area is particularly relevant for examining the interplay between policy frameworks and the on-the-ground implementation of sustainable building solutions. The city serves as a living laboratory where theoretical sustainability principles are translated into real architectural and infrastructural forms.

4. Case Study—Green Transformation of Katowice

4.1. Overview of Green Construction in Poland

Initially, the number of certified buildings in Poland grew very slowly. The main problems were initial costs, low social–ecological awareness, lack of information, additional time for certification procedure, and rating during the building’s operation [68]. Currently, the number of certified buildings is increasing rapidly.

According to the Polish Green Building Council (PLGBC), a non-governmental organization that has been implementing activities for the sustainable transformation of buildings, cities, and their surroundings [69], there are 2035 certified buildings in Poland with a total area of approx. 38.6 million m², which is an increase of 2.1 million m² (+6%) over the last year. Office buildings dominate among the certified buildings, with warehouses and industrial buildings in second place, with a strong upward trend, with an area equal to that of office buildings. Certified office buildings comprise approximately 39% of all certified buildings (about 816 buildings), while industrial buildings account for 750 buildings, which constitute approximately 36% of the market [70]. The total number of certified residential buildings is approximately 280 (as of 2024), which accounts for 13.6% of all certified buildings.

Among the certificates used for building certification in Poland, other certificates are utilized, including LEED, WELL, DGNB, HQE, GBS, and the Polish certificate Zielony Dom, which is gaining an increasing share in the residential segment, with 105 houses covered by this certificate [69,71]. The green building market is slowing down in terms of area, but the number of certified buildings is growing, which suggests a trend towards smaller buildings. Certificates are becoming standard in the office and warehouse sectors. The role of the Polish Zielony Dom system is growing in residential construction, which is gaining popularity and is a significant step in adapting the housing market to European sustainable development standards. Figure 3 presents the number of certified buildings in Poland. As can be noticed, the overwhelming majority (over 80%) of buildings with green certification are BREEAM-certified. The next most popular certifications include LEED (12.33%) and the Polish certificate Zielony Dom (4.67%). The remaining certifications contribute a small amount, accounting for less than 3% of all certified buildings.

At the end of March 2024, there were 2035 certified buildings in Poland. This represents a 24% increase and nearly 400 new facilities compared to the previous year. There are 187 certified buildings in the Silesian Voivodeship, which constitutes 9.2% of all certified facilities. This gives it the third place in the country in terms of the number of certified facilities, right after the Mazovian Voivodeship, dominated by the city of Warsaw, and the Lesser Poland Voivodeship, led by Kraków. According to the PLGBC database, this region includes numerous facilities diversified in terms of purpose and level of certification (mainly in the BREEAM system and buildings from the logistics and industrial facilities sector) [65]. The dominant system in the Silesian Voivodeship is the BREEAM certificate. The Silesian region is distinguished by its strong position in the logistics and industrial sectors, which nationwide already account for approximately 33% of certified buildings. The office segment also looks positive, with “Excellent” certificates being common, including in cities such as Katowice and Bielsko-Biała.

4.2. Office Building of the Euro-Centrum Science and Technology Park in Katowice

The passive building located within the Euro-Centrum Science and Technology Park represents an advanced example of sustainable and energy-efficient architecture. Its design integrates multiple renewable energy technologies to minimize environmental impact and operational costs. The Euro-Centrum building received the European Commission Green Building Award 2013 and a distinction in the Innowator Śląska 2012 competition. It was put into use in 2014 in the revitalization of the closed Chemical Equipment Plant and paint factory in the Ligota district. The building has a usable area of 7500 m² with 5 stories. It is set on a foundation slab, has a reinforced concrete structure (column-plate system), and the walls are insulated with 30 cm thick polystyrene. The building was equipped with an innovative photovoltaic system combined with intelligent facade blinds (Figure 4) and geothermal probes with heat pumps.

The building utilizes geothermal probes installed in 50-m-deep vertical boreholes to extract heat from the ground for heating and cooling purposes, supported by six heat pumps connected to the heating and cooling ceiling system. Solar energy is harnessed through ten solar collectors for domestic hot water production and a photovoltaic installation with a total capacity of 107 kWp, comprising roof, façade, and solar-tracking panel systems. This configuration fully meets the annual energy demand of the building’s technological systems, including heating, cooling, and ventilation. Energy-saving measures further enhance the building’s performance. These include exterior blinds to prevent overheating, triple-glazed windows with a heat transfer coefficient of 0.7 W/(m² K), and a heat recovery system that recovers up to 80% of exhaust air heat. A building management system (BMS) enables centralized monitoring and control of all installations.

The office space is on the perimeter of the building, ensuring maximum daylight. Atrium-shaped communication routes with glazing in the center of the building provide maximum daylight. Energy consumption is 15 kWh/m²/year, which classifies it as a passive building [72]. Due to the building’s exceptionally low thermal demand, the implementation of heat pumps for space heating became feasible. When integrated with high-efficiency HVAC systems, this approach enabled a considerable reduction in both heating and cooling energy expenditures.

4.3. International Congress Centre (MCK)

The International Congress Centre (MCK), opened in 2015 in Katowice (Figure 2) with an area of 38,000 m², is one of the key cultural and business investments in the region. The building belongs to the Culture Zone, a new area of Katowice dedicated to culture, situated in former industrial zones. It combines functionality with modern ecological solutions. The building was designed as a multifunctional space for organizing conferences, congresses, and cultural events. At the same time, its construction meets high standards of sustainable construction. The key and sustainable elements of the center are a green roof, effective thermal insulation, and a highly efficient recuperation system. Green roofs are becoming increasingly popular elements of modern buildings. They are distinguished by their biophysical properties, high aesthetic values, and recreational utility. They are a key element in promoting the integration of NBS in the urban structure. Green roofs impact the climate and contribute to the creation of ecological urban spaces. Polish regulations require investors to maintain a certain share of biologically active areas, ensuring natural vegetation and rainwater retention. Green roofs, therefore, serve as compensation for the loss of biologically active area due to development and are included as green areas in the total site area. The green roof with an area of 8000 m² plays a key role in improving the building’s energy efficiency in the case of MCK (Figure 5).

The adaptation of a green roof contributes to the absorption of CO₂, the production of oxygen, and the absorption of various types of dust. The special structure protects the waterproofing layer, thereby extending the roof’s lifespan. As a green area, it is a biologically active surface that enhances acoustic insulation, as it effectively dampens noise from external sources [73]. The green area creates a recreational and leisure space on the roof of the building as a terrace with natural greenery.

The MCK thermal insulation has been designed to reduce heat loss. The use of modern insulating materials, including low-emission glass, enables energy savings, particularly during the heating seasons. Additionally, the heat recovery system, which recovers heat from exhaust air, further increases the building’s energy efficiency. Furthermore, the MCK has achieved a significant reduction in electricity and heat consumption through a control system that enables the optimization of energy consumption in the building. Modern lighting control systems based on energy-saving light sources have been implemented. Since 2024, the MCK has been powered exclusively by renewable energy sources. Thanks to these technologies, a significant reduction in energy consumption is achieved, and the operating costs of the facilities are reduced. This is an example of how modern public construction can promote sustainable development in cities with a strong industrial identity.

The International Congress Centre reduces heat loss and energy consumption thanks to the use of a green roof and a recuperation system. The managers of the MCK building emphasize the importance of their activities as part of the environmental responsibility policy. The power supply exclusively from renewable energy allows for a reduction of annual CO₂ production by 5,044,956 kg. The use of new LED lamps enabled a 44% reduction in electricity consumption. Thanks to advanced technologies implemented in the ventilation system, MCK reduces energy consumption by about 20% [74].

4.4. Office Complex .KTW

The .KTW office complex with an area of 62,000 m² (two towers) was built in 2018 in Katowice (Figure 6). It has advanced energy management systems, energy-saving LED lighting, and a BREEAM Certificate at the Excellent level.

The .KTW I office building was also the first in Poland to receive the WELL Health-Safety Rating certificate developed by IWBI (International WELL Building Institute) in response to the COVID-19 threat. Advanced energy management systems allow for real-time monitoring and optimization of energy consumption. These systems adjust the operation of heating, ventilation, and lighting systems according to weather conditions and the intensity of building use, thereby minimizing electricity and heat consumption. Thanks to the use of energy-saving LED lighting, the building uses significantly less energy for lighting compared to traditional technologies. Additionally, the façade of the towers was designed to maximize daylight utilization, thereby reducing the need for artificial lighting. The complex also supports ecological forms of transport. The building features charging electric cars and infrastructure for cyclists, promoting sustainable transportation in the city. The .KTW complex, using advanced energy management systems and energy-efficient lighting, achieves high operational efficiency and lower resource consumption. Thanks to intelligent building management systems, the complex achieves a reduction of over 30% [75].

4.5. GPP Business Park IV (Bloch)

The GPP Business Park is a complex comprising four energy-efficient office buildings located approximately 2 km from the center of Katowice. The complex integrates advanced energy-saving and renewable energy technologies, including tri-generation, photovoltaic panels, gas heat pumps, and energy-recovery elevators capable of reclaiming energy even during upward travel. The application of these modern solutions has resulted in a 50% reduction in overall energy consumption and a decrease in utility costs of approximately €1.50 per square meter compared to conventional office buildings operating in two shifts.

The GPP Business Park IV building (Figure 7), also known as Bloch, was commissioned in 2019 and represents the most advanced facility within the complex. It has achieved a BREEAM International Outstanding certification and provides a total usable area of 7200 m² along with 280 parking spaces. The building is classified as an energy-plus facility in terms of ventilation, heating, and domestic hot water preparation. Constructed in accordance with the principles of sustainable development, it incorporates technologies that set new standards in energy efficiency, such as free cooling systems, energy-recovery elevators, and a high-efficiency variable air volume (VAV) ventilation system. The use of tri-generation, photovoltaics, and gas heat pumps has enabled a 50% reduction in both energy consumption and utility costs [76]. In 2018, the primary energy demand of the complex for heating, ventilation, domestic hot water, cooling, and lighting was estimated at 53 kWh/m²/year. Specifically, Building IV demonstrates exemplary performance, with an estimated energy consumption of 11 kWh/m²/year for heating, ventilation, and domestic hot water production—approximately one-quarter of the maximum value permitted for public buildings as of 2019. As a result, the buildings within the GPP complex emit 70% less CO₂ than comparable reference structures.

Beyond energy efficiency, the design of Building IV contributes significantly to occupant comfort, productivity, and well-being. The building employs a chilled-beam heating and cooling system with individualized temperature control and an air exchange rate of 35 m³ per person per hour. Indoor air humidity is maintained within the optimal range of 40–60%, favorable to both health and comfort. Silver ions are used in the humidification process to eliminate microorganisms, bacteria, fungi, and viruses, thereby improving indoor air quality. An additional noteworthy feature is the installation of rooftop bee apiaries, which symbolize the building’s alignment with the broader principles of ecological balance and biodiversity enhancement (Figure 8).

Bees of the Carnica race, characterized by gentleness, high honey production, and low tendency to swarm, therefore fit into the metamorphosis of the surroundings and are one of the symbols of this green complex. They will also contribute to the wider process of increasing biodiversity and the ecological value of the complex’s surroundings, alongside new plantings and birdhouses. GPP Business Park was created as a result of the revitalization of a post-industrial area.

4.6. General Remarks

The transformation of the city of Katowice is an example of how cities can adapt to contemporary challenges related to environmental protection and sustainable development [4]. Implementing innovative solutions, such as thermal insulation, energy management, and renewable energy sources, allows for the creation of modern urban spaces with a reduced carbon footprint. Innovative building energy systems, including advanced HVAC technologies, played a key role in Katowice’s post-industrial renewal, providing a transferable example for other cities. By implementing such projects, Katowice contributes to global actions for climate protection while strengthening its position as a leader in sustainable development in the region.

The results achieved by Katowice in terms of reducing energy consumption and CO₂ emissions can be compared to other European cities implementing similar solutions. An example is Copenhagen, which, as part of the “Copenhagen Carbon Neutral 2025” strategy, achieved an emissions reduction of over 40% in the commercial construction sector thanks to investments in energy-saving technologies and renewable energy sources [8]. Comparable outcomes were observed in Amsterdam, where innovative urban initiatives led to a 25% reduction in energy consumption in public buildings [77]. Although Katowice is at an earlier stage of transformation compared to Scandinavian cities, the implemented technological and urban solutions indicate rapid progress toward sustainable development. The buildings mentioned above demonstrate how green technologies can help create more energy-efficient, sustainable, and contemporary cities. They highlight that integrating modern architecture with environmentally friendly solutions can deliver both economic and ecological advantages [7,8].

The analysis of green-certified buildings in Katowice reveals a growing emphasis on early-stage planning strategies that contribute significantly to long-term sustainability outcomes. Projects assessed in this study consistently demonstrate the integration of passive and active design features, coupled with material selection based on environmental performance criteria. These strategies align with international best practices in sustainable construction and reflect a maturing understanding of energy and resource efficiency among developers operating in post-industrial urban contexts.

The assessment of building documentation and certification reports enabled the classification of applied design strategies into three core domains:

▪

Passive energy efficiency—including optimized building orientation, natural ventilation, and thermal insulation;

▪

Active system integration—such as the deployment of energy-efficient HVAC systems, renewable energy sources, and intelligent control systems;

▪

Life-cycle and post-occupancy optimization—encompassing material circularity, long service life, and performance monitoring.

This classification follows a framework proposed by [78] and is consistent with sustainability assessment models described by Berardi [79]. By combining design foresight with post-occupancy evaluation, these buildings align with urban climate strategies and deliver measurable performance in terms of reduced CO₂ emissions and improved occupant comfort.

To illustrate these strategies in practice, four exemplary buildings located in Katowice were selected for in-depth analysis:

▪

The MCK integrates a green roof, renewable energy, and advanced thermal systems to enhance energy efficiency and promote sustainable urban development.

▪

The .KTW complex employs smart energy management, natural lighting, and eco-transport infrastructure to achieve high environmental performance.

▪

GPP Business Park IV combines innovative energy technologies and biodiversity features like rooftop bee apiaries to exemplify green office design.

▪

The Euro-Centrum building uses geothermal and solar energy systems with passive design strategies to minimize energy use and revitalize industrial land.

The most important information about each of the presented cases is summarized in

Table 2. Comparative summary of analyzed buildings.

No.	Building	Area, Year	Facility Purpose	Solutions Used	Green Certification
1	The Euro-Centrum	7500 m2, 2013	Office building	photovoltaic system, facade blinds, geothermal heat pumps	None
2	MCK	38,000 m2, 2015	Public building—events and conferences	green roof, effective thermal insulation, renewable energy, recuperation system	None
3	The .KTW	62,000 m2, 2018	Office building	energy management systems, energy-saving LED lighting	BREEAM (Excellent) WELL Health-Safety Rating
4	GPP Business Park IV	7200 m2, 2019	Office building	trigeneration, photovoltaics, and gas heat pumps, bee apiaries	BREEAM (Outstanding)

.

These projects represent a diverse typology, enabling comparative analysis across functional and environmental performance metrics. The findings suggest that buildings combining both passive and active strategies can achieve higher certification scores and enhanced long-term energy performance, especially when informed by early-stage sustainability planning. Moreover, the visibility and symbolic value of these projects support a broader cultural shift toward environmental awareness in urban redevelopment. However, it should be noted that energy performance data included in this comparison are primarily based on available documentation. Without post-occupancy measurements, the extent to which projected energy savings have materialized remains unknown. This reflects the well-documented issue of the “performance gap” in certified buildings.

5. Conclusions

The findings of this study provide new insights into the role of sustainable building design as a catalyst for post-industrial urban transformation. Building on the analysis of four exemplary projects in Katowice, the discussion has demonstrated that the integration of technological innovation, environmental awareness, and adaptive urban policy can collectively drive the regeneration of industrially degraded areas. The conclusions presented below synthesize the key implications of this research, reflecting on the practical outcomes, contextual limitations, and the broader significance of sustainable architecture in shaping a resilient and low-carbon urban future.

The case of Katowice demonstrates how sustainable building design can serve as a tangible and strategic driver of post-industrial urban transformation. The city’s transition reflects a growing recognition that energy-efficient, low-emission buildings play a pivotal role in reimagining formerly industrial landscapes as modern, environmentally responsible, and socially inclusive urban environments. The examined buildings, ranging from public to commercial functions, illustrate how the integration of passive energy solutions, active renewable systems, and life-cycle thinking can effectively reduce environmental impact while supporting the revitalization of the urban fabric. The Katowice 2030 City Development Strategy provides a stable framework to support coherent implementation, while green certifications function as operational tools for monitoring progress and aligning local action with European climate frameworks such as the European Green Deal and the Fit for 55 packages. Municipal policy has further reinforced this transition by embedding sustainability into urban governance. Planning instruments, zoning regulations, and financial incentives have been coordinated with EU funding mechanisms to enable the scalable adoption of green building practices. Institutional support for public–private cooperation has fostered an environment conducive to experimentation and innovation. Robust governance, adaptable financing, and responsive leadership are crucial in promoting the widespread adoption of green infrastructure and advancing urban climate resilience.

The findings indicate that the most successful projects combine passive design measures (such as thermal insulation, natural ventilation, and optimized orientation) with active technologies (including photovoltaics, trigeneration, and intelligent HVAC systems) and long-term performance strategies (like material circularity and post-occupancy evaluation). This tripartite approach contributes to measurable reductions in energy demand and CO₂ emissions while enhancing occupant comfort and resilience. However, the analysis also highlights persistent data limitations and the absence of comprehensive post-occupancy monitoring, which hinder a full understanding of actual building performance. Addressing this “performance gap” is crucial for verifying the long-term effectiveness of sustainable design strategies. The research confirms that green certification systems, particularly BREEAM and WELL, have provided a valuable framework for structuring sustainable design practices in Katowice. Nonetheless, these tools should be seen as complementary instruments rather than definitive indicators of environmental excellence. Their prescriptive nature and limited adaptability to regional contexts underscore the need for locally calibrated assessment models that integrate climatic, economic, and cultural factors. In this respect, Katowice’s certified buildings act as examples within Poland, demonstrating how international standards can be adapted to the specific needs of post-industrial urban redevelopment. From a practical standpoint, the analyzed projects function as learning platforms that can guide future architectural and policy decisions. The innovative technologies implemented in the GPP Business Park IV or the .KTW complex, such as trigeneration, smart control systems, and green roofs, exemplify replicable models for sustainable construction in regions with similar industrial legacies. These examples highlight how building-scale innovations can drive broader systemic change, influencing investor confidence, local employment, and public attitudes toward sustainability.

In conclusion, sustainable building design in Katowice acts not merely as an architectural practice but as a catalyst for systemic urban renewal. The post-industrial urban renewal of Katowice was fundamentally enabled by innovations in building energy systems, including high-performance HVAC and other sustainable solutions, thereby creating a replicable model for similar cities. While many of the technologies applied are globally recognized, their contextual implementation in a region marked by heavy industry constitutes a meaningful step toward a new urban paradigm in Central and Eastern Europe. The city’s progress confirms that ecological modernization, when aligned with social and economic regeneration, can yield durable benefits extending beyond environmental metrics—enhancing livability, local identity, and resilience. Future research should focus on expanding the dataset through detailed performance monitoring, developing regional certification tools, and strengthening interdisciplinary collaboration between urban planners, architects, and policymakers. These directions will ensure that the lessons drawn from Katowice can inform the next generation of sustainable urban transformations across post-industrial regions in Europe and beyond.