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Applied Sciences
Volume 15
Issue 22
10.3390/app152212038
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This is an early access version, the complete PDF, HTML, and XML versions will be available soon.
Article

Orderly Charging Scheduling for EVs with a Novel Queuing Model Under Power Capacity Constraints

by
Bo Wang
1,*,
Xianlong Ge
1,
Yuanzhi Jin
2,
Mushun Xu
1 and
Zhuoran Huang
1
1
School of Economics and Management, Chongqing Jiaotong University, Chongqing 400074, China
2
School of Economics and Management, Guangxi University of Science and Technology, Liuzhou 545005, China
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(22), 12038; https://doi.org/10.3390/app152212038
Submission received: 13 October 2025 / Revised: 5 November 2025 / Accepted: 11 November 2025 / Published: 12 November 2025
Versions Notes

Abstract

The widespread adoption of electric vehicles intensifies the spatiotemporal mismatch between charging demand and station capacity, leading to operational inefficiencies. This paper proposes a cooperative charging scheduling strategy based on a novel queuing model that integrates virtual charging piles and state variables to accurately estimate queuing time, overcoming the limitations of conventional methods. A bi-level optimization model is established to coordinate grid load balancing and station-level queue management. An adaptive large-neighborhood search algorithm combining heuristic rules with mathematical solving is developed for efficient solution. Numerical experiments demonstrate that the proposed strategy outperforms existing approaches by significantly increasing fulfilled charging demand and reducing queuing times with only minimal travel distance increase. Analysis further reveals a computational performance trade-off related to scheduling frequency, providing critical insights for practical implementation.
Keywords: urban traffic; orderly charging; scheduling optimization; bi-level programming; electric vehicles urban traffic; orderly charging; scheduling optimization; bi-level programming; electric vehicles

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Wang, B.; Ge, X.; Jin, Y.; Xu, M.; Huang, Z. Orderly Charging Scheduling for EVs with a Novel Queuing Model Under Power Capacity Constraints. Appl. Sci. 2025, 15, 12038. https://doi.org/10.3390/app152212038

AMA Style

Wang B, Ge X, Jin Y, Xu M, Huang Z. Orderly Charging Scheduling for EVs with a Novel Queuing Model Under Power Capacity Constraints. Applied Sciences. 2025; 15(22):12038. https://doi.org/10.3390/app152212038

Chicago/Turabian Style

Wang, Bo, Xianlong Ge, Yuanzhi Jin, Mushun Xu, and Zhuoran Huang. 2025. "Orderly Charging Scheduling for EVs with a Novel Queuing Model Under Power Capacity Constraints" Applied Sciences 15, no. 22: 12038. https://doi.org/10.3390/app152212038

APA Style

Wang, B., Ge, X., Jin, Y., Xu, M., & Huang, Z. (2025). Orderly Charging Scheduling for EVs with a Novel Queuing Model Under Power Capacity Constraints. Applied Sciences, 15(22), 12038. https://doi.org/10.3390/app152212038

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