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Applied Sciences
Volume 15
Issue 21
10.3390/app152111773
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This is an early access version, the complete PDF, HTML, and XML versions will be available soon.
Article

A Novel Chitosan Hydrochloride–Biosurfactant–Grape Seed Oil Nanoemulsion to Control Dental Carie: Antimicrobial, Antibiofilm Activity and Irritation Potential

by
Thayza Christina Montenegro Stamford
1,2,3,4,
Antônio Vinicius Pinho Sa
1,3,
Lúcia Raquel Ramos Berger
3,4,
Isabella Teodora de Freitas Pontes Macedo
2,3,
Francisco Humberto Xavier-Júnior
5,
Raquel D. Rufino
6,7,
Leonie A. Sarubbo
7,8 and
Mayri Alejandra Diaz de Rienzo
4,*
1
Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia (PPGBiotec) da Universidade Federal de Pernambuco (UFPE), Av. Prof. Artur de Sá, s/n, Cidade Universitária, Recife 50740-525, Pernambuco, Brazil
2
Programa de Pós-graduação em Nutrição (PPGN), Universidade Federal de Pernambuco (UFPE), Av. Prof. Moraes Rêgo, 1235, Cidade Universitária, Recife 50670-901, Pernambuco, Brazil
3
Laboratório de Microbiologia Aplicada-LaMAp, Centro de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Av. Professor Morais Rego, 1235, Cidade Universitária, Recife 50670-901, Pernambuco, Brazil
4
Engineering and Enviroment. School of Science, University of Salford, Peel Building, Manchester M5 4WT, UK
5
Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal da Paraíba (UFPB), Cidade Universitária, Campus I, Castelo Branco III., João Pessoa 58051-900, Paraiba, Brazil
6
Escola de Saúde e Ciências da Vida, Universidade Católica de Pernambuco (UNICAP), Rua do Príncipe, n. 526, Boa Vista, Recife 50050-900, Pernambuco, Brazil
7
Instituto Avançado de Tecnologia e Inovação (IATI), Rua Potyra, n. 31, Prado, Recife 50070-280, Pernambuco, Brazil
8
Escola de Tecnologia e Comunicação, Universidade Católica de Pernambuco (UNICAP), Rua do Príncipe, n. 526, Boa Vista, Recife 50050-900, Pernambuco, Brazil
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(21), 11773; https://doi.org/10.3390/app152111773 (registering DOI)
Submission received: 20 September 2025 / Revised: 23 October 2025 / Accepted: 27 October 2025 / Published: 4 November 2025
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Synthetic and Natural Drugs: Pharmacological Activity, Biochemical Properties, and Applications)
Versions Notes

Abstract

Biomolecules of microbial origin are gaining attention for their use in various industries, including cosmetics, due to their broad bioactivities, peculiar properties, and sustainability. This study aimed to develop a novel, eco-friendly nanoemulsion from fungal chitosan hydrochloride (ChC), Pseudomonas aeruginosa biosurfactant (PaB), and grape seed oil (GSO), and to assess its antimicrobial action, biofilm control, and biocompatibility. High-energy emulsification was performed to produce the nanoemulsion (CCh-PaB-GSO), which was characterized by FTIR. Its stability was monitored for 30 days via DLS, zeta potential (ZP), and PDI. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) for cariogenic Streptococcus species, inhibitory fraction concentration (FIC), influence on exopolysaccharide (EPS) quantification produced by bacteria, bacteria's cell wall hydrophobicity, and biofilm control were determined. Biocompatibility was assessed using the HET-CAM technique by determining the irritation potential. FTIR analysis confirmed the formation the interaction between the substances that compound the nanoemulsion. The CCh-PaB-GSO had nanometric micelles (169.5–203.4 nm), PDI (0.241–0.271), and a positive ZP (+20.25 to +31.94 mV). It showed a consistent MIC (2.0 mg/mL CCh, 0.1 mg/mL PaB, and 3.2 mg/mL GSO) for all tested Streptococcus species and an indifferent interaction effect, FIC (1.32). At sub-MIC, the CCh-PaB-GSO effectively reduced EPS and microbial cell wall hydrophobicity, inhibiting biofilm adhesion. The CCh-PaB-GSO demonstrated biocompatibility with no signs of irritation. In conclusion, the ChC-PaB-GSO system forms an effective and stable nanoemulsion with potential for application as an eco-sustainable and biocompatible product for caries control.
Keywords: microbial biosurfactants; biopolymers; vegetal oils; nanoemulsion; dental material; biofilm control; caries control; HET-CAM microbial biosurfactants; biopolymers; vegetal oils; nanoemulsion; dental material; biofilm control; caries control; HET-CAM

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MDPI and ACS Style

Stamford, T.C.M.; Sa, A.V.P.; Berger, L.R.R.; de Freitas Pontes Macedo, I.T.; Xavier-Júnior, F.H.; Rufino, R.D.; Sarubbo, L.A.; Diaz de Rienzo, M.A. A Novel Chitosan Hydrochloride–Biosurfactant–Grape Seed Oil Nanoemulsion to Control Dental Carie: Antimicrobial, Antibiofilm Activity and Irritation Potential. Appl. Sci. 2025, 15, 11773. https://doi.org/10.3390/app152111773

AMA Style

Stamford TCM, Sa AVP, Berger LRR, de Freitas Pontes Macedo IT, Xavier-Júnior FH, Rufino RD, Sarubbo LA, Diaz de Rienzo MA. A Novel Chitosan Hydrochloride–Biosurfactant–Grape Seed Oil Nanoemulsion to Control Dental Carie: Antimicrobial, Antibiofilm Activity and Irritation Potential. Applied Sciences. 2025; 15(21):11773. https://doi.org/10.3390/app152111773

Chicago/Turabian Style

Stamford, Thayza Christina Montenegro, Antônio Vinicius Pinho Sa, Lúcia Raquel Ramos Berger, Isabella Teodora de Freitas Pontes Macedo, Francisco Humberto Xavier-Júnior, Raquel D. Rufino, Leonie A. Sarubbo, and Mayri Alejandra Diaz de Rienzo. 2025. "A Novel Chitosan Hydrochloride–Biosurfactant–Grape Seed Oil Nanoemulsion to Control Dental Carie: Antimicrobial, Antibiofilm Activity and Irritation Potential" Applied Sciences 15, no. 21: 11773. https://doi.org/10.3390/app152111773

APA Style

Stamford, T. C. M., Sa, A. V. P., Berger, L. R. R., de Freitas Pontes Macedo, I. T., Xavier-Júnior, F. H., Rufino, R. D., Sarubbo, L. A., & Diaz de Rienzo, M. A. (2025). A Novel Chitosan Hydrochloride–Biosurfactant–Grape Seed Oil Nanoemulsion to Control Dental Carie: Antimicrobial, Antibiofilm Activity and Irritation Potential. Applied Sciences, 15(21), 11773. https://doi.org/10.3390/app152111773

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