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Article

Spatial Front-Back Relationship Recognition Based on Partition Sorting Network

1
Marine Electrical Engineering College, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian 116026, China
2
Information Science and Technology College, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian 116026, China
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(21), 11763; https://doi.org/10.3390/app152111763
Submission received: 3 October 2025 / Revised: 30 October 2025 / Accepted: 3 November 2025 / Published: 4 November 2025

Abstract

The current development in computer vision highlights the significance of comprehending the semantic features of images. However, the spatial front-back relationships between objects, which constitute a fundamental semantic feature, have received limited attention. To address this gap, we propose a novel neural network termed Spatial Front-Back Relationship Partition Sorting Network (SFBR-PSortNet), specifically designed for recognizing spatial front-back relationships among objects within images. SFBR-PSortNet is an end-to-end deep convolutional neural network that systematically generates a set of triples representing the spatial front-back relationships between every pair of objects in an input image. The key technical innovations of SFBR-PSortNet include the utilization of bottom keypoints of objects, which serve a dual purpose of enabling object category recognition and providing implicit depth information to enhance spatial front-back relationship reasoning, and the introduction of a Partition Sorting mechanism to construct a comprehensive spatial front-back relationship graph among all objects. Extensive experiments conducted on data derived from the KITTI dataset demonstrate the effectiveness of our network for spatial front-back relationship recognition, achieving a Precision of 0.876 and a Recall of 0.856, respectively. The results validate the practical applicability and robustness of our network in real-world road scenarios, underscoring its potential to enhance the accuracy of computer vision systems in complex environments.
Keywords: spatial front-back; partition sorting; convolutional neural network; relationship spatial front-back; partition sorting; convolutional neural network; relationship

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Gong, P.; Zheng, K.; Liu, T.; Jiang, Y.; Zhao, H. Spatial Front-Back Relationship Recognition Based on Partition Sorting Network. Appl. Sci. 2025, 15, 11763. https://doi.org/10.3390/app152111763

AMA Style

Gong P, Zheng K, Liu T, Jiang Y, Zhao H. Spatial Front-Back Relationship Recognition Based on Partition Sorting Network. Applied Sciences. 2025; 15(21):11763. https://doi.org/10.3390/app152111763

Chicago/Turabian Style

Gong, Peiyong, Kai Zheng, Ting Liu, Yi Jiang, and Huixuan Zhao. 2025. "Spatial Front-Back Relationship Recognition Based on Partition Sorting Network" Applied Sciences 15, no. 21: 11763. https://doi.org/10.3390/app152111763

APA Style

Gong, P., Zheng, K., Liu, T., Jiang, Y., & Zhao, H. (2025). Spatial Front-Back Relationship Recognition Based on Partition Sorting Network. Applied Sciences, 15(21), 11763. https://doi.org/10.3390/app152111763

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