Joint Optimization Model for Earthwork Allocation Considering Soil and Water Conservation Fees, Landscape Restoration Fees, and Road Transportation Intensity

Wang, Bo; Niu, Shibin; Yu, Hui; Nie, Xiangtian; Fan, Tianyu

doi:10.3390/app152111516

This is an early access version, the complete PDF, HTML, and XML versions will be available soon.

Open AccessArticle

Joint Optimization Model for Earthwork Allocation Considering Soil and Water Conservation Fees, Landscape Restoration Fees, and Road Transportation Intensity

by

Bo Wang

,

Shibin Niu

,

Hui Yu

,

Xiangtian Nie

and

Tianyu Fan

^*

School of Water Conservancy, North China University of Water Resources and Electric Power, Zhengzhou 450046, China

^*

Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.

Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(21), 11516; https://doi.org/10.3390/app152111516

Submission received: 12 September 2025 / Revised: 17 October 2025 / Accepted: 24 October 2025 / Published: 28 October 2025

Download Versions Notes

Abstract

The composition elements of the earthwork allocation system (excavation project, filling project, transfer yard, waste disposal yard, and material yard) and the relationship between material flow were analyzed. Based on the construction of calculation models for soil and water conservation fees, landscape restoration fees, and road transportation intensity, a joint optimization model was constructed with the objectives of minimizing the total allocation cost and minimizing the peak transportation intensity of the road. By dynamically adjusting the volatility, setting penalty factors, and vectorizing NumPy arrays, the ant colony algorithm is improved and the optimization model is solved. Case analysis shows that considering the intensity of road transportation, the peak transportation intensity significantly decreases, and the proportion of directly filled earthwork increases to over 88% without exceeding the capacity of the intermediate transfer site. The total cost only increases by 0.91%, and the allocation plan is more in line with actual construction needs.

Keywords: earthwork allocation; road transportation intensity; soil and water conservation fees; landscape restoration fee; improved ant colony algorithm

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Wang, B.; Niu, S.; Yu, H.; Nie, X.; Fan, T. Joint Optimization Model for Earthwork Allocation Considering Soil and Water Conservation Fees, Landscape Restoration Fees, and Road Transportation Intensity. Appl. Sci. 2025, 15, 11516. https://doi.org/10.3390/app152111516

AMA Style

Wang B, Niu S, Yu H, Nie X, Fan T. Joint Optimization Model for Earthwork Allocation Considering Soil and Water Conservation Fees, Landscape Restoration Fees, and Road Transportation Intensity. Applied Sciences. 2025; 15(21):11516. https://doi.org/10.3390/app152111516

Chicago/Turabian Style

Wang, Bo, Shibin Niu, Hui Yu, Xiangtian Nie, and Tianyu Fan. 2025. "Joint Optimization Model for Earthwork Allocation Considering Soil and Water Conservation Fees, Landscape Restoration Fees, and Road Transportation Intensity" Applied Sciences 15, no. 21: 11516. https://doi.org/10.3390/app152111516

APA Style

Wang, B., Niu, S., Yu, H., Nie, X., & Fan, T. (2025). Joint Optimization Model for Earthwork Allocation Considering Soil and Water Conservation Fees, Landscape Restoration Fees, and Road Transportation Intensity. Applied Sciences, 15(21), 11516. https://doi.org/10.3390/app152111516

Note that from the first issue of 2016, this journal uses article numbers instead of page numbers. See further details here.

Article Menu

Joint Optimization Model for Earthwork Allocation Considering Soil and Water Conservation Fees, Landscape Restoration Fees, and Road Transportation Intensity

Abstract

Share and Cite

Article Metrics

Article Access Statistics

Further Information

Guidelines

MDPI Initiatives

Follow MDPI