Occurrence of Aflatoxin M1 in Raw and Processed Milk: A Contribution to Human Exposure Assessment After 12 Years of Investigation
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Sample Collection
2.2. Chemicals and Analytical Methods
2.2.1. Sample Pre-Treatment
2.2.2. Immunoassay Reagents, Equipment and Procedure
2.2.3. HPLC Reagents, Equipment and Procedure
2.3. Risk Exposure
3. Results and Discussion
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Time (min) | Water% | Acetonitrile% | Methanol% |
---|---|---|---|
0.0 | 55 | 40 | 5 |
6.0 | 55 | 40 | 5 |
7.0 | 15 | 80 | 5 |
10.0 | 15 | 80 | 5 |
11.0 | 55 | 40 | 5 |
17.0 | 55 | 40 | 5 |
Sample n | Milk Type | AFM1 Concentration Values (µg/kg ± Measurement Uncertainty) | Province of Origin | Year of Sampling/Analysis |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | RAW | 0.216 +/− 0.030 | FOGGIA | 2012 |
2 | RAW | 0.062 +/− 0.010 | BARI | 2012 |
3 | RAW | 0.552 +/− 0.070 | FOGGIA | 2012 |
4 | RAW | 0.065 +/− 0.009 | BARI | 2012 |
5 | RAW | 0.099 +/− 0.014 | TARANTO | 2012 |
6 | RAW | 0.162 +/− 0.021 | TARANTO | 2012 |
7 | RAW | 0.095 +/− 0.013 | FOGGIA | 2012 |
8 | PASTEURIZED | 0.162 +/− 0.022 | FOGGIA | 2012 |
9 | RAW | 0.070 +/− 0.009 | BARI | 2012 |
10 | RAW | 0.162 +/− 0.022 | POTENZA | 2012 |
11 | RAW | 0.134 +/− 0.018 | POTENZA | 2012 |
12 | RAW | 0.126 +/− 0.017 | POTENZA | 2012 |
13 | RAW | 0.134 +/− 0.018 | POTENZA | 2012 |
14 | RAW | 0.103 +/− 0.014 | POTENZA | 2012 |
15 | RAW | 0.091 +/− 0.013 | POTENZA | 2012 |
16 | RAW | 0.167 +/− 0.022 | POTENZA | 2012 |
17 | RAW | 0.097 +/− 0.013 | POTENZA | 2012 |
18 | RAW | 0.173 +/− 0.023 | POTENZA | 2012 |
19 | RAW | 0.158 +/− 0.022 | TARANTO | 2012 |
20 | RAW | 0.154 +/− 0.021 | POTENZA | 2012 |
21 | RAW | 0.162 +/− 0.022 | POTENZA | 2012 |
22 | RAW | 0.148 +/− 0.020 | POTENZA | 2012 |
23 | RAW | 0.107 +/− 0.014 | TARANTO | 2012 |
24 | RAW | 0.077 +/− 0.010 | TARANTO | 2012 |
25 | RAW | 0.154 +/− 0.021 | TARANTO | 2012 |
26 | RAW | 0.085 +/− 0.012 | TARANTO | 2012 |
27 | RAW | 0.106 +/− 0.015 | POTENZA | 2012 |
28 | RAW | 0.142 +/− 0.019 | POTENZA | 2012 |
29 | RAW | 0.090 +/− 0.012 | TARANTO | 2012 |
30 | RAW | 0.270 +/− 0.036 | FOGGIA | 2013 |
31 | RAW | 0.084 +/− 0.011 | FOGGIA | 2013 |
32 | RAW | 0.061+/− 0.009 | MATERA | 2013 |
33 | RAW | 0.109 +/− 0.015 | POTENZA | 2013 |
34 | RAW | 0.086 +/− 0.012 | POTENZA | 2013 |
35 | RAW | 0.066 +/− 0.009 | POTENZA | 2013 |
36 | RAW | 0.099 +/− 0.013 | BARI | 2013 |
37 | RAW | 0.073 +/− 0.010 | BARI | 2013 |
38 | RAW | 0.080 +/− 0.011 | BRINDISI | 2013 |
39 | RAW | 0.110 +/− 0.015 | POTENZA | 2013 |
40 | RAW | 0.095 +/− 0.014 | POTENZA | 2013 |
41 | RAW | 0.071 +/− 0.010 | TARANTO | 2013 |
42 | RAW | 0.061 +/− 0.009 | TARANTO | 2013 |
43 | RAW | 0.061 +/− 0.009 | BARI | 2013 |
44 | RAW | 0.062 +/− 0.009 | BARI | 2013 |
45 | RAW | 0.110 +/− 0.015 | FOGGIA | 2014 |
46 | PASTEURIZED | 0.401 +/− 0.055 | FOGGIA | 2015 |
47 | RAW | 0.067 +/− 0.009 | BARI | 2017 |
48 | RAW | 0.066 +/− 0.009 | BARI | 2019 |
49 | RAW | 0.182 +/− 0.025 | MATERA | 2023 |
Margin of Exposure (P95) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Children | Adolescents | Adults | Elderly | ||
Most-likely exposure scenario | Raw milk | 37,142 | 52,000 | 65,000 | 52,000 |
Processed milk | 65,000 | 86,667 | 130,000 | 86,000 | |
High-exposure scenario (all samples) | 5098 | 6667 | 7879 | 6667 |
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Summa, S.; Lo Magro, S.; Vita, V.; Franchino, C.; Scopece, V.; D’Antini, P.; Iammarino, M.; De Pace, R.; Muscarella, M. Occurrence of Aflatoxin M1 in Raw and Processed Milk: A Contribution to Human Exposure Assessment After 12 Years of Investigation. Appl. Sci. 2025, 15, 853. https://doi.org/10.3390/app15020853
Summa S, Lo Magro S, Vita V, Franchino C, Scopece V, D’Antini P, Iammarino M, De Pace R, Muscarella M. Occurrence of Aflatoxin M1 in Raw and Processed Milk: A Contribution to Human Exposure Assessment After 12 Years of Investigation. Applied Sciences. 2025; 15(2):853. https://doi.org/10.3390/app15020853
Chicago/Turabian StyleSumma, Simona, Sonia Lo Magro, Valeria Vita, Cinzia Franchino, Valentina Scopece, Pasqualino D’Antini, Marco Iammarino, Rita De Pace, and Marilena Muscarella. 2025. "Occurrence of Aflatoxin M1 in Raw and Processed Milk: A Contribution to Human Exposure Assessment After 12 Years of Investigation" Applied Sciences 15, no. 2: 853. https://doi.org/10.3390/app15020853
APA StyleSumma, S., Lo Magro, S., Vita, V., Franchino, C., Scopece, V., D’Antini, P., Iammarino, M., De Pace, R., & Muscarella, M. (2025). Occurrence of Aflatoxin M1 in Raw and Processed Milk: A Contribution to Human Exposure Assessment After 12 Years of Investigation. Applied Sciences, 15(2), 853. https://doi.org/10.3390/app15020853