A Systematic Literature Review of Methodologies for Assessing the Circularity of Electric Vehicles

The transition to a net-zero economy requires a shift towards circular economy principles, particularly within the burgeoning electric vehicle sector. This paper presents a systematic literature review of 57 studies published between 2017 and the end of August 2025, examining methodologies for assessing the circularity of electric vehicles. The analysis reveals a predominant focus on environmental impact quantification through life cycle assessment and material flow analysis, with limited direct application of tailored circularity assessment tools. A significant knowledge gap is identified in the integration of environmental, economic, and social dimensions within electric vehicle circularity assessments. Furthermore, the absence of electric vehicle-specific assessment tools and the challenges associated with data reliability and indicator measurement are highlighted. The paper proposes the adoption of digital product passports and a dynamic systems view to enhance electric vehicle circularity assessments. This approach aims to provide a more comprehensive, multidisciplinary understanding of electric vehicle lifecycle impacts, facilitating informed decision-making for sustainable e-mobility.