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Article

Experimental Study on Water Reduction of Grouting Slurry by Ultrasonic

by
Ruilin Yao
1,
Dayang Xuan
1,*,
Jialin Xu
2,
Jian Li
1 and
Chengwei Ma
1
1
School of Mines, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China
2
State Key Laboratory for Fine Exploration and Intelligent Development of Coal Resources, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(19), 10425; https://doi.org/10.3390/app151910425
Submission received: 25 February 2025 / Revised: 23 September 2025 / Accepted: 24 September 2025 / Published: 25 September 2025
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Versions Notes

Abstract

Overburden isolated grouting injection is an efficient and green mining technology. During the filling process, fly ash or gangue powder is mainly used as grouting material, and compaction grouting is carried out in the main stratum under the key stratum, thus realizing the control of surface subsidence and the protection of buildings (structures). In the process of grouting filling, slurry with high water-cement ratio (1:1) is needed to ensure its injectability and certain flow radius, which leads to large water demand and limited application in water-deficient mining areas. In addition, special geological structures such as faults have potential risks of slurry flowing into the working face. On the premise of not affecting the grout injectability, how to reduce the total water consumption of grout is one of the difficult problems to be solved urgently in the overburden isolated grouting injection. The experimental study on the feasibility of ultrasonic water reduction of grouting slurry is carried out in this paper, and the influence of ultrasonic cavitation on the fluidity of slurry is studied through experiments. The results show that ultrasonic waves can effectively improve the fluidity of slurry. Under the same fluidity, the water used for slurry preparation is reduced by 20% to 26%, and when the slurry with water-cement ratio of 0.8:1 is modified, its fluidity is equivalent to that of the slurry with a water-cement ratio of 1:1 in conventional engineering applications. The action time and power of the ultrasonic waves are the key factors affecting the modification effect of the slurry, and the ultrasonic power has a more significant influence on the action effect. The proposed ultrasonic cavitation water reduction modification method can effectively reduce the water used for slurry preparation, improve the efficiency, reliability and economic benefits of grouting filling, and provide important support for the application of the grouting filling method in restricted mining areas such as water-deficient mining areas.

1. Introduction

Overburden isolated grouting injection is a new green mining method based on revealing the cumulative effect of unloading expansion of overlying strata [1,2,3]. This technology determines the key strata that control rock stratum movement and surface subsidence, adopts a new compaction grouting technology, and implements higher compress grouting at the main strata positions beneath the key strata [4,5], so as to recompresses the unloading expansion volume of the underlying rock strata and convert it into fillable space [6], and then the injection-production ratio is significantly increased. A compacted bearing structure is formed in the goaf to support the key strata, thus achieving the control of mining subsidence and the protection of buildings (structures).
During the application of the overburden isolated grouting injection technology, due to the influence of the characteristics of the slurry, although the slurry with a high water-cement ratio has high injectability, the high water-cement ratio also brings potential risks and limitations [7,8,9]. It requires a large amount of water, and its application is limited in water-deficient mining areas. Moreover, it has a low filling efficiency and there is a potential risk that the slurry may flow into the working face, especially in the case of special geological structures such as faults [10,11].
Although the application of water-reducing agents has a significant effect on the water reduction and modification of the slurry, it requires continuous and substantial investment and has a high cost. Moreover, chemical agents have potential harm to the environment [12], which, to some extent, goes against the original intention of green mining [13,14].
The applications of ultrasonic waves in the mining field mainly include slime flotation [15], non-destructive testing [16], rock-breaking equipment [17] and sensing applications [18]. During the application and research process regarding the influence of ultrasonic waves on the properties of slurry, the main focus is on their effect in two-phase or multi-phase flows and the impact on the properties of the slurry [19,20,21].
Currently, the research on the influence of ultrasonic waves on the properties of slurry mainly focuses on light industry, handicrafts, organic chemical engineering, materials science and so on. He Suwen et al. studied the influence of ultrasonic dispersion on the formation and properties of aramid 1313 paper [22]. They pointed out that ultrasonic dispersion can improve the dispersion and fibrillation of aramid 1313 chopped fibers and precipitated fibers in deionized water and prevent them from agglomerating again. Hou Jiaqi et al. conducted a performance study on the preparation of spherical-like silver-coated copper powder by ultrasonic dispersion [23]. They pointed out that ultrasonic dispersion reduces the agglomeration phenomenon of silver-coated copper powder, makes its dispersibility better, and improves the comprehensive performance of the powder. Shao Xiang studied the influence of ultrasonic pulping on the microscopic movement characteristics of cement slurry in sandy soil [24]. He pointed out that the ultrasonic action can affect the formation of agglomerates in the slurry and the number of molecules with different particle sizes. The number of large-particle molecules decreases, and the greater the ultrasonic power is within a certain range, the more obvious its effect will be. Zhang Yuxin et al. studied the influence of ultrasonic pretreatment on the flotation separation of spodumene minerals [25]. They pointed out that both the frequency and power of ultrasonic waves have an impact on the flotation effect. Among them, different ultrasonic frequencies have different effects, and the flotation effect is the best when the frequency is 45 kHz.
This paper has carried out an experimental study on the water reduction and modification of fly ash slurry by ultrasonic waves, exploring the influence of ultrasonic treatment and ultrasonic parameters on the fluidity of the slurry, which provides certain experimental support for promoting the development of the overburden isolated grouting injection technology.

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Materials

The fly ash material comes from the grouting site, which conforms to the Pollution Control Standard for Storage and Landfill of General Industrial Solid Waste (GB 18599-2020) [26]. The fly ash material is light brown (Figure 1), with a bulk density of 0.6 g/cm3 and a true density of 2.4 g/cm3. Refer to the paper for other material characteristics [27].

2.2. Equipment

As shown in Figure 2, the experimental apparatus includes a DJ-1 magnetic stirrer (Changzhou Surui instrument Co., Ltd. Changzhou, China), a microscope, a slurry storage tank, a balance, a YTS-1000-20 ultrasonic generator (Nanjing Hanzhou Technologie CO., LTD, Nanjing, China), an ultrasonic transmitting probe, a support for the ultrasonic transmitting probe, and a fluidity plate, etc.
Among them, Jintan DJ-1 magnetic stirrer is adopted, with the rotation speed of 0–2200 rpm, motor power of 40 W and stirring capacity of 0~10,000 mL. YTS-1000-20 intelligent numerical control ultrasonic generator is an experimental ultrasonic generator with maximum power of 1000 w and working frequency of 20 kHz.

2.3. Experimental Scheme

Taking fly ash as the research object, the experiment explored the water reduction and modification effect of ultrasonic waves on slurry preparation as well as the influence of the power and time of ultrasonic action on the water reduction and modification effect of the slurry and verified the possibility of ultrasonic waves in terms of water reduction and modification of the slurry.
Firstly, a predetermined mass of fly ash was measured using a high-precision electronic balance and placed into a glass beaker. Then, a corresponding mass of water was weighed into a separate beaker. This beaker containing water was placed on a magnetic stirrer and the stirrer was activated. Subsequently, the weighed fly ash was gradually poured into the water. Finally, the mixture was stirred to form a homogeneous slurry with the target water-cement ratio. The ultrasonic probe is inserted into the liquid level about 2 cm, and the ultrasonic signals from the generator were transmitted through the probe, which converted them into vibrations of a specific frequency to treat the fly ash slurry.
Three experimental groups were set up as shown in Table 1, Table 2 and Table 3.
Group 1: Effect of Water-Cement Ratio. Fixed parameters: Ultrasonic power of 600 W and treatment time of 5 min. Variable parameter: Slurries with different water-cement ratios were treated.
Group 2: Effect of Treatment Time. Fixed parameters: Ultrasonic power of 600 W and a water-cement ratio of 1:1. Variable parameter: The slurry was treated for different durations.
Group 3: Effect of Ultrasonic Power. Fixed parameters: Treatment time of 5 min and a water-cement ratio of 1:1.

2.4. Test Method

2.4.1. Fluidity Test

Fluidity test method: The fluidity of the coal gangue slurry was determined according to the Chinese National Standard “Test Methods for Homogeneity of Concrete Admixtures” (GB/T 8077-2023) [28]. The test was conducted using a glass plate and a standard flow mold (a conical frustum with top and bottom diameters of 36 mm and 60 mm, respectively, and a height of 60 mm).
The fluidity test is shown in Figure 3. The freshly prepared slurry was rapidly poured into the mold, which was then lifted vertically. After the slurry stopped flowing on the glass plate, the maximum spread diameter was measured in four perpendicular directions using the scale on the flow table. The average of these four measurements was reported as the initial fluidity of the slurry.

2.4.2. Microscopic Imaging Detection

N-10E optical microscope (Nanjing Jiangnan Novel Optics, Co, Ltd., Nanjing, China) was used to observe the microstructure of the prepared fly ash slurry with a certain magnification through the optical lens, and the magnification was 100~400 times. After imaging, the agglomeration phenomenon in the microscopic imaging of the slurry was detected and analyzed by S-viewer software (Version: V1.24.06.071302).

3. Mechanism of Water Reduction by Ultrasonic Pulping

During slurry preparation, the system exists in a solid–liquid two-phase flow state. As shown in Figure 4, under these conditions, interparticle interactions—such as electrostatic forces, van der Waals forces, and chemical bonding—promote the formation of agglomerates and even flocculated structures. This results in the entrapment of free water, consequently increasing slurry viscosity and reducing fluidity [29,30]. In order to improve the fluidity of the slurry in a green and efficient manner and reduce the water used in slurry preparation, ultrasonic waves are utilized to treat the slurry under the condition of two-phase flow.
As shown in Figure 5 and Figure 6, under the action of ultrasonic waves, one “small bomb” after another will be generated in the two-phase flow medium and continuously explode inside the medium. These “bombs” originate from the cavitation effect of ultrasonic waves [31,32]. Ultrasonic cavitation is defined as the generation of numerous bubbles within a liquid, which occurs when high-intensity ultrasound—exceeding the liquid’s cavitation threshold (i.e., the minimum sound intensity or pressure amplitude required to initiate cavitation)—propagates through it. These bubbles undergo gradual growth and expansion under ultrasonic vibration, followed by a violent, rapid collapse. This implosive collapse often fragments the bubbles, and the split bubbles can themselves undergo subsequent cycles of growth and collapse [33,34].
Consequently, during the pulping process, ultrasonic cavitation generates a multitude of high-energy bubbles within the two-phase flow medium. The subsequent rapid collapse of these bubbles is an extremely energetic event. It forces the surrounding liquid to rush inward at high velocity, creating intense localized shock waves and mid microjets, accompanied by the formation of regions of extreme temperature and pressure.
During ultrasonic treatment of fly ash slurry, these effects act to weaken the interparticle van der Waals forces, while the localized temperature increase can accelerate various hydration reactions. Furthermore, the powerful shock waves continuously disrupt the formation of flocculated structures. Consequently, ultrasonic treatment effectively prevents particle agglomeration, reduces viscosity, and enhances slurry fluidity.

4. Experimental Results and Discussion

4.1. The Impact of Ultrasonic Action on the Properties of Slurry

During the treatment of the fly ash slurry, the primary procedure involved comparing the properties before and after ultrasonic irradiation—that is, before and after slurry modification. The agglomeration characteristics (including both size and number of agglomerates) and fluidity of the untreated slurry were measured. The results indicated that as the water-cement ratio increased, the degree of agglomeration within the slurry decreased accordingly, although the changes in size and quantity were relatively modest. In contrast, slurry fluidity exhibited a clear negative correlation with the extent of agglomeration, and this relationship was markedly pronounced.
As the water-cement ratio increased, the agglomeration characteristics and fluidity of the slurry under ultrasonic treatment have the same changing trends as those before modification. However, under the action of ultrasonic waves, the changes in the properties of the slurry were more significant.
As shown in Figure 7, Figure 8 and Figure 9, when the water–cement ratio was 0.8:1, significant agglomeration was observed within the unmodified slurry. Numerous dark agglomerates were present, along with a substantial number of large, light-colored, weakly bonded agglomerates in the process of formation. The maximum agglomerate diameter at this stage measured 0.114 mm.
After modification, the degree of agglomeration was noticeably reduced. Both the number and size of agglomerates decreased correspondingly. The maximum agglomerate diameter was reduced to 0.092 mm, and the prevalence of large, weak agglomerates was also lower compared to the pre-modification slurry.
Before modification, slurries with water-cement ratios of 1:1 and 1.2:1 exhibited properties similar to the 0.8:1 slurry. However, the increased free water content reduced their intrinsic agglomeration tendency, although numerous weakly bonded agglomerates remained observable. Following ultrasonic treatment, not only did the overall number and size of agglomerates decrease, but a significant reduction in weak agglomerations was also achieved. The maximum agglomerate sizes were reduced to 0.072 mm and 0.064 mm, respectively.
As shown in Figure 10, in conventional engineering applications, the fluidity of modified slurry with a water-cement ratio of 0.75:1 is equivalent to that of unmodified slurry with a ratio of 0.95:1, while reducing preparation water consumption by 26%. Similarly, modified slurry at 0.8:1 exhibits slightly greater fluidity than unmodified slurry at 1:1, with a water reduction of approximately 20%. When the modified slurry ratio is 0.85:1, its fluidity is slightly lower than that of unmodified slurry at 1.1:1, accompanied by a 23% reduction in water usage. Furthermore, modified slurry with a ratio of 0.95:1 matches the fluidity of unmodified slurry at 1.2:1 and reduces water demand by 21%. Likewise, at a 1:1 ratio, modified slurry shows slightly lower fluidity than unmodified slurry at 1.3:1, yet still achieves a 23% reduction in water. Finally, modified slurry with a ratio of 1.1:1 demonstrates fluidity equivalent to unmodified slurry at 1.4:1, while lowering water consumption by 21%.
The water reducing effect of fly ash slurry prepared by water reducer can reach 25% [10]. The experimental results verify the feasibility of water reducing modification of fly ash slurry by ultrasonic treatment, and the water consumption for preparation can be reduced by 20% to 26% under the condition of ultrasonic treatment, achieving the water reducing effect by using water reducer. It is evident that ultrasonic treatment exerts a remarkable water-reducing and modifying effect on fly ash slurry. Under conditions of equal fluidity, the water–cement ratio of the ultrasonically modified slurry is significantly lower than that of conventionally engineered slurry, thereby effectively reducing the water required for slurry preparation.
A regression equation was established with fluidity as the dependent variable and the slurry water-cement ratio as the independent variable. The equation for the unmodified slurry is y = 162.78x − 75.23 (R2 = 0.9859), while that for the modified slurry is y = 159.86x − 37.456 (R2 = 0.9222).
When the water-cement ratio was 0.7, the unmodified slurry exhibited a paste-like state with poor fluidity. As the water-cement ratio increased incrementally from 0.75, the fluidity ratio of the modified slurry to the unmodified slurry at the same water-cement ratio was 1.77, 1.70, 1.66, 1.67, 1.54, 1.54, 1.30, 1.24, 1.21, and 1.20, respectively.
These results clearly demonstrate that ultrasonic treatment significantly enhances the fluidity of the slurry within a certain range of water-cement ratios. When the water-cement ratio is too low, the limited free water content results in low cavitation efficiency. Conversely, when the water-cement ratio is too high, the reduced proportion of solid particles in the free water also diminishes the effectiveness of the treatment.

4.2. Influence of Ultrasonic Parameters on Slurry Properties

4.2.1. Influence of Ultrasonic Power

During the analysis of ultrasonic effects, the primary focus was on how the properties of the ultrasound itself influence the water reduction and modification of the slurry. When investigating the impact of ultrasonic power on modification effectiveness, the treatment time was controlled at 5 min. The data showed that the increase in ultrasonic power had a very significant impact on the size of agglomerates in the slurry. As the ultrasonic power increased, so did the quantity and energy of the “small bombs” (cavitation bubbles) generated by the cavitation effect. This enhancement led to more intense implosions (energy explosions) and microjet activity. Consequently, the disruptive effect on slurry agglomerates became more pronounced, resulting in a considerable reduction in both the number and size of agglomerates. This, in turn, exerted a significant influence on reducing slurry viscosity and enhancing its fluidity.
The regression equation is established with fluidity as the dependent variable and ultrasonic power as the independent variable, and the equation is Y = 0.0443x + 104.15 (R2 = 0.7872).
The rate of increase in slurry fluidity gradually slowed with the increase in ultrasonic power from 500 W to 1000 W, as shown in Figure 11. Based on the experimental data, when the ultrasonic power reached 700 W and 800 W, the change in fluidity became less pronounced, stabilizing around 140 mm. With further increases in ultrasonic power, the fluidity resumed a slow rising trend.
At this stage, the effect of ultrasonic cavitation had reached its optimum, and the dominant factor influencing fluidity shifted to temperature. The temperature increase was primarily caused by the accumulation of thermal energy resulting from ultrasonic cavitation. Beyond a certain temperature threshold, its effect on fluidity became significant.

4.2.2. Influence of Ultrasonic Duration

When studying the influence of ultrasonic duration on the modification effect, the ultrasonic power was controlled at 600 W and the ultrasonic treatment duration was changed. The regression equation is established with fluidity as the dependent variable and ultrasonic time as the independent variable, and the equation is y = 0.0517x + 110.95 (R2 = 0.6825).
As shown in Figure 12 and Figure 13, during the ultrasonic treatment for 0–180 s, the number of ultrasonic cavitation microbubbles on the slurry surface gradually decreased, and finally the microbubbles on the slurry surface disappeared after 180 s. In the initial stage, that is, from 0 s to 180 s of the ultrasonic duration, the fluidity of the slurry changed very rapidly, which was identified as the rapid-action area of the ultrasonic effect. From 180 s to 450 s of the ultrasonic duration, the action effect gradually weakened and the increase in the fluidity of the slurry was slow, which was identified as the slow-action area of the ultrasonic effect. As the action duration continued to increase, the changing trend of the fluidity of the slurry approached zero. It was determined that the ultrasonic cavitation effect disappeared after 450 s, and the main reason for the change in fluidity was the thermal accumulation caused by the ultrasonic action.
When the ultrasonic power was set at 600 W and the duration at 450 s, the slurry achieved optimal fluidity. Based on the principle of energy action, a comparable effect was expected when applying 900 W for 300 s. However, experimental results deviated from this expectation: a fluidity level equivalent to the reference case was in fact achieved with 750 W at 300 s. This indicates that, during ultrasonic treatment, ultrasonic power has a more substantial influence on slurry modification than treatment duration.
When the microstructure of slurry is electronically imaged, the identification of agglomeration phenomenon (agglomeration number and agglomeration size) in slurry is mainly based on manual identification and measurement, so such a labor-intensive test needs a lot of energy. At present, Hossein Kabir et al. have studied the automatic estimation of cementitious sorptivity via by using machine learning model through computer vision [35], and Song Zhigang et al. have proposed that computer vision can be used to automatically judge the pathology of tissue sections under deep learning [36]. Therefore, computer vision model can be used to automatically analyze the phenomenon of slurry agglomeration in the future.

5. Conclusions

This paper presents a physical approach for water reduction and modification of slurry through ultrasonic treatment. The objective is to decrease the water consumption in slurry preparation while preserving its injectability and reliability, thereby improving the safety, economic efficiency, and environmental sustainability of grouting projects.
In conventional grouting operations, a high water-cement ratio is often employed to achieve desirable grouting performance. However, this practice introduces significant limitations, particularly in specialized scenarios such as water-scarce mining areas in western regions or zones prone to mine water hazards. This paper proposes an engineering approach for water reduction and slurry modification via ultrasonic treatment. The method enables the use of low water-cement ratio slurries while maintaining adequate fluidity, achieving a reduction in water consumption by 20% to 26% during preparation.
During slurry treatment, the fluidity gradually increased and eventually stabilized as the ultrasonic power was raised. With further increases in power, the fluidity continued to grow under the influence of temperature, though the rate of improvement was modest. This indicates that, for a fixed treatment duration, higher ultrasonic power does not invariably lead to better outcomes. Excessively high power may not only result in energy loss but also poses potential risks of damaging both the ultrasonic equipment and slurry storage vessels.
As the ultrasonic treatment duration was extended from 0 to 13 min, the fluidity of the slurry increased progressively, exhibiting a trend similar to that observed with increasing power. The ultrasonic treatment process can be categorized into two distinct phases: an ultrasonic-effect dominant zone and a temperature-effect dominant zone. After a certain treatment time, the cavitation effect diminished significantly, and subsequent changes in fluidity were primarily driven by thermal energy accumulation.
The effectiveness of ultrasonic treatment is primarily governed by the treatment duration and power. Theoretically, the effect should remain constant when the product of these two factors is fixed. However, experimental results demonstrate that ultrasonic power exerts a more substantial influence on the treatment outcome than duration. To achieve equivalent performance, a combination of higher power and shorter duration is recommended, as this approach also better aligns with the practical requirements of engineering grouting applications.
In this study, the mechanism underlying the water-reducing modification of fly ash slurry via ultrasonic treatment was investigated and experimentally validated. However, to advance toward engineering applications, further research is required to explore the modification effects of ultrasonic treatment on coal gangue slurry and coal gangue–fly ash mixed slurries. This includes investigating the time-dependent characteristics of slurry properties—such as fluidity, agglomeration behavior, and setting time—following ultrasonic treatment. In addition, future work should explore—from the perspectives of engineering automation and slurry quality control—the feasibility of utilizing computer vision technology to enable automated analysis of slurry fluidity, real-time dynamic monitoring of agglomeration behavior, and quantitative assessment of the dispersion effect.

Author Contributions

The authors confirm their contribution to the paper as follows: study conception and design: R.Y. and D.X.; data collection: R.Y., J.L. and C.M.; analysis and interpretation of results: R.Y.; draft manuscript preparation: R.Y.; review and editing, D.X. and J.X. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This research was supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (52374143) and Graduate Innovation Program of China University of Mining and Technology (KYCX24-2885).

Institutional Review Board Statement

Not applicable.

Informed Consent Statement

Not applicable.

Data Availability Statement

The data presented in this study are available on request from the corresponding author.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this paper.

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Applsci 15 10425 g001
Figure 1. Fly ash material.
Figure 1. Fly ash material.
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Figure 2. Schematic diagram of ultrasonic processing system.
Figure 2. Schematic diagram of ultrasonic processing system.
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Figure 3. Fluidity test.
Figure 3. Fluidity test.
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Figure 4. Mechanism of agglomeration formation.
Figure 4. Mechanism of agglomeration formation.
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Figure 5. Generation mechanism of ultrasonic cavitation bubbles.
Figure 5. Generation mechanism of ultrasonic cavitation bubbles.
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Figure 6. Mechanism of ultrasonic cavitation.
Figure 6. Mechanism of ultrasonic cavitation.
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Figure 7. Effect diagram of fly ash slurry modification with water cement ratio of 0.8:1.
Figure 7. Effect diagram of fly ash slurry modification with water cement ratio of 0.8:1.
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Applsci 15 10425 g008
Figure 8. Effect diagram of fly ash slurry modification with water cement ratio of 1:1.
Figure 8. Effect diagram of fly ash slurry modification with water cement ratio of 1:1.
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Applsci 15 10425 g009
Figure 9. Effect diagram of fly ash slurry modification with water cement ratio of 1.2:1.
Figure 9. Effect diagram of fly ash slurry modification with water cement ratio of 1.2:1.
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Applsci 15 10425 g010
Figure 10. Comparison of fluidity of fly ash slurry before and after modification.
Figure 10. Comparison of fluidity of fly ash slurry before and after modification.
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Applsci 15 10425 g011
Figure 11. Effect of ultrasonic power on slurry properties.
Figure 11. Effect of ultrasonic power on slurry properties.
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Applsci 15 10425 g012aApplsci 15 10425 g012b
Figure 12. Characterization diagram of slurry with different ultrasonic treatment time.
Figure 12. Characterization diagram of slurry with different ultrasonic treatment time.
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Applsci 15 10425 g013
Figure 13. Effect of ultrasonic time on slurry properties.
Figure 13. Effect of ultrasonic time on slurry properties.
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Table 1. Experimental scheme for exploring the effect of ultrasonic treatment.
Table 1. Experimental scheme for exploring the effect of ultrasonic treatment.
NumberWater Cement RatioUltrasonic Power/wUltrasonic Time/min
10.7:16005
20.75:16005
30.8:16005
40.85:16005
50.9:16005
60.95:16005
71:16005
81.1:16005
91.2:16005
101.3:16005
111.4:16005
Table 2. Experimental scheme for exploring the influence of ultrasonic treatment time.
Table 2. Experimental scheme for exploring the influence of ultrasonic treatment time.
NumberUltrasonic Time/minWater Cement RatioUltrasonic Power/w
111:1600
221:1600
331:1600
441:1600
551:1600
661:1600
771:1600
881:1600
991:1600
10101:1600
11111:1600
12121:1600
13131:1600
Table 3. Experimental scheme for exploring the influence of ultrasonic processing power.
Table 3. Experimental scheme for exploring the influence of ultrasonic processing power.
NumberUltrasonic Power/wWater Cement RatioUltrasonic Time/min
15001:15
25501:15
36001:15
46501:15
57001:15
67501:15
78001:15
88501:15
99001:15
109501:15
1110001:15
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Yao, R.; Xuan, D.; Xu, J.; Li, J.; Ma, C. Experimental Study on Water Reduction of Grouting Slurry by Ultrasonic. Appl. Sci. 2025, 15, 10425. https://doi.org/10.3390/app151910425

AMA Style

Yao R, Xuan D, Xu J, Li J, Ma C. Experimental Study on Water Reduction of Grouting Slurry by Ultrasonic. Applied Sciences. 2025; 15(19):10425. https://doi.org/10.3390/app151910425

Chicago/Turabian Style

Yao, Ruilin, Dayang Xuan, Jialin Xu, Jian Li, and Chengwei Ma. 2025. "Experimental Study on Water Reduction of Grouting Slurry by Ultrasonic" Applied Sciences 15, no. 19: 10425. https://doi.org/10.3390/app151910425

APA Style

Yao, R., Xuan, D., Xu, J., Li, J., & Ma, C. (2025). Experimental Study on Water Reduction of Grouting Slurry by Ultrasonic. Applied Sciences, 15(19), 10425. https://doi.org/10.3390/app151910425

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