Previous Article in Journal
An Integrated AI Framework for Personalized Nutrition Using Machine Learning and Natural Language Processing for Dietary Recommendations
Previous Article in Special Issue
Upcycling Wine Industry Waste: Dealcoholized Grape Pomace as a Platform for Bio-Based Material Innovation
 
 
Search for Articles:
Title / Keyword
Author / Affiliation / Email
Journal
Article Type
 
 
Advanced Search
 
Section
Special Issue
Volume
Issue
Number
Page
 
Journals
Applied Sciences
Volume 15
Issue 17
10.3390/app15179282
applsci-logo
Submit to this Journal Review for this Journal Propose a Special Issue
► Article Menu

Article Menu

share Share announcement Help format_quote Cite
first_page
settings
Order Article Reprints
Font Type:
Arial Georgia Verdana
Font Size:
Aa Aa Aa
Line Spacing:
Column Width:
Background:
This is an early access version, the complete PDF, HTML, and XML versions will be available soon.
Article

Eugenol@natural Zeolite Nanohybrid vs. Clove Powder as Active and Reinforcement Agents in Novel Brewer’s Spent Grain/Gelatin/Glycerol Edible, High Oxygen Barrier Active Packaging Films

by
Zoe Ntari
1,
Achilleas Kechagias
1,
Areti A. Leontiou
1,
Alexios Vardakas
1,2,
Margarita Dormousoglou
3,
Tarsizia Angelari
1,
Konstantinos Zaharioudakis
1,
Panagiota Stathopoulou
3,
Panagiota Karahaliou
4,
Grigorios Beligiannis
1,
Charalampos Proestos
5,
Constantinos E. Salmas
6,* and
Aris E. Giannakas
1,*
1
Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Patras, 30100 Agrinio, Greece
2
GAEA Products S.M. S.A., 1st km Agriniou—Karpenisiou National Rd., 30100 Agrinio, Greece
3
Department of Sustainable Agriculture, University of Patras, 30100 Agrinio, Greece
4
Department of Physiscs, University of Patras, 26504 Rio-Patras, Greece
5
Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Zografou, 15771 Athens, Greece
6
Department of Materials Science Engineering, University of Ioannina, Dourouti, 45110 Ioannina, Greece
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(17), 9282; https://doi.org/10.3390/app15179282 (registering DOI)
Submission received: 10 July 2025 / Revised: 11 August 2025 / Accepted: 20 August 2025 / Published: 23 August 2025
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Unlocking the Potential of Agri-Food Waste for Innovative Applications and Bio-Based Materials, 2nd Edition)
Versions Notes

Abstract

Following the trend of food waste valorization to produce innovative bio-based materials, this study proposes the conversion of brewer’s spent grain (BSG) into added value edible, high oxygen barrier, flexible, active packaging films via an extrusion molding compression method. Gelatin (Gel) was used as both a reinforcement and barrier agent and glycerol (Gl) as a plasticizer. Eugenol was nanoencapsulated on natural zeolite (EG@NZ), and pure clove powder (ClP) was used as an active agent to obtain BSG/Gel/Gl/xEG@NZ and BSG/Gel/Gl/xClP (x = 5, 10, and 15 %wt.) active films. Both BSG/Gel/Gl/xEG@NZ and BSG/Gel/Gl/xClP films show enhanced tensile, oxygen barrier, antioxidant, and antibacterial properties, and low toxicity and genotoxicity values. All BSG/Gel/Gl/xEG@NZ films presented a higher oxygen barrier, higher total phenolic content (TPC) values, higher antioxidant activity according to a 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay, higher inhibition zones against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli, and lower toxicity and genotoxicity than all BSG/Gel/Gl/xClP films. Thus, the superiority of the nanoencapsulated EG in NZ as compared to the physical encapsulated EG in ClP is proved. Briefly, BSG/Gel/Gl/15EG@NZ active film exhibited ~218% higher tensile strength, ~93% higher TPC value, and ~90% lower effective concentration for a 60% antioxidant activity value (EC60) as compared to the pure BSG/Gel/Gl film. The zones against S. aureus and E. coli were 45 and 30 mm, respectively, and the oxygen barrier was zero. The use of this film extended the shelf life of fresh minced meat by two days and exhibited the high potential to be used as active packaging material.
Keywords: brewer’s spent grain; gelatin; clove powder; Eugenol; natural zeolite; edible; high oxygen barrier; active packaging brewer’s spent grain; gelatin; clove powder; Eugenol; natural zeolite; edible; high oxygen barrier; active packaging

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Ntari, Z.; Kechagias, A.; Leontiou, A.A.; Vardakas, A.; Dormousoglou, M.; Angelari, T.; Zaharioudakis, K.; Stathopoulou, P.; Karahaliou, P.; Beligiannis, G.; et al. Eugenol@natural Zeolite Nanohybrid vs. Clove Powder as Active and Reinforcement Agents in Novel Brewer’s Spent Grain/Gelatin/Glycerol Edible, High Oxygen Barrier Active Packaging Films. Appl. Sci. 2025, 15, 9282. https://doi.org/10.3390/app15179282

AMA Style

Ntari Z, Kechagias A, Leontiou AA, Vardakas A, Dormousoglou M, Angelari T, Zaharioudakis K, Stathopoulou P, Karahaliou P, Beligiannis G, et al. Eugenol@natural Zeolite Nanohybrid vs. Clove Powder as Active and Reinforcement Agents in Novel Brewer’s Spent Grain/Gelatin/Glycerol Edible, High Oxygen Barrier Active Packaging Films. Applied Sciences. 2025; 15(17):9282. https://doi.org/10.3390/app15179282

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ntari, Zoe, Achilleas Kechagias, Areti A. Leontiou, Alexios Vardakas, Margarita Dormousoglou, Tarsizia Angelari, Konstantinos Zaharioudakis, Panagiota Stathopoulou, Panagiota Karahaliou, Grigorios Beligiannis, and et al. 2025. "Eugenol@natural Zeolite Nanohybrid vs. Clove Powder as Active and Reinforcement Agents in Novel Brewer’s Spent Grain/Gelatin/Glycerol Edible, High Oxygen Barrier Active Packaging Films" Applied Sciences 15, no. 17: 9282. https://doi.org/10.3390/app15179282

APA Style

Ntari, Z., Kechagias, A., Leontiou, A. A., Vardakas, A., Dormousoglou, M., Angelari, T., Zaharioudakis, K., Stathopoulou, P., Karahaliou, P., Beligiannis, G., Proestos, C., Salmas, C. E., & Giannakas, A. E. (2025). Eugenol@natural Zeolite Nanohybrid vs. Clove Powder as Active and Reinforcement Agents in Novel Brewer’s Spent Grain/Gelatin/Glycerol Edible, High Oxygen Barrier Active Packaging Films. Applied Sciences, 15(17), 9282. https://doi.org/10.3390/app15179282

Note that from the first issue of 2016, this journal uses article numbers instead of page numbers. See further details here.

Article Metrics

Back to TopTop