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Applied Sciences
Volume 15
Issue 17
10.3390/app15179281
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Article

Development and Validation of the Robot Acceptance Questionnaire (RAQ)

by
Terry Amorese
1,*,
Marialucia Cuciniello
1,
Claudia Greco
2,
Alfonsina D’Iorio
1,
Edoardo Nicolò Aiello
3,
Barbara Poletti
3,
Vincenzo Silani
3,4,
Nicola Ticozzi
3,4,
Gabriella Santangelo
1,
Gennaro Cordasco
5 and
Anna Esposito
1
1
Department of Psychology, Università degli Studi della Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 81100 Caserta, Italy
2
Department of Brain and Behavioural Sciences, Università degli Studi di Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
3
Department of Neurology, Laboratory of Neuroscience, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, 20133 Milano, Italy
4
Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, “Dino Ferrari Center”, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20122 Milano, Italy
5
Department of Computer Science, University of Salerno, 84084 Fisciano, Italy
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(17), 9281; https://doi.org/10.3390/app15179281 (registering DOI)
Submission received: 22 July 2025 / Revised: 19 August 2025 / Accepted: 20 August 2025 / Published: 23 August 2025
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Affective Computing: Technology and Application)
Versions Notes

Abstract

This study aimed to validate the Robot Acceptance Questionnaire (RAQ), a self-report instrument designed to assess user acceptance toward social robots. Originally structured around four theoretical domains—pragmatic, hedonic (identity and feelings), and attractiveness—the RAQ was empirically found to converge into two robust and inversely related dimensions: Positive Attitude (PA) and Negative Attitude (NA). A total of 208 participants (mean = 43.1; S.D. = 21.4) viewed a short video of a humanoid robot (Pepper) and completed the RAQ. Factorial structure (Principal Component Analysis), internal reliability (Cronbach’s alpha), and construct validity were assessed. Results showed excellent internal consistency for both PA and NA (α = 0.93), and intuitive associations with independent measures of ease of use, mastery, and willingness to interact. The RAQ thus offers a concise and reliable tool for assessing general robot acceptance, especially suitable for remote and large-scale studies.
Keywords: social robotics; user’s acceptance; user-centered design; psychometric tool; validation social robotics; user’s acceptance; user-centered design; psychometric tool; validation

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Amorese, T.; Cuciniello, M.; Greco, C.; D’Iorio, A.; Aiello, E.N.; Poletti, B.; Silani, V.; Ticozzi, N.; Santangelo, G.; Cordasco, G.; et al. Development and Validation of the Robot Acceptance Questionnaire (RAQ). Appl. Sci. 2025, 15, 9281. https://doi.org/10.3390/app15179281

AMA Style

Amorese T, Cuciniello M, Greco C, D’Iorio A, Aiello EN, Poletti B, Silani V, Ticozzi N, Santangelo G, Cordasco G, et al. Development and Validation of the Robot Acceptance Questionnaire (RAQ). Applied Sciences. 2025; 15(17):9281. https://doi.org/10.3390/app15179281

Chicago/Turabian Style

Amorese, Terry, Marialucia Cuciniello, Claudia Greco, Alfonsina D’Iorio, Edoardo Nicolò Aiello, Barbara Poletti, Vincenzo Silani, Nicola Ticozzi, Gabriella Santangelo, Gennaro Cordasco, and et al. 2025. "Development and Validation of the Robot Acceptance Questionnaire (RAQ)" Applied Sciences 15, no. 17: 9281. https://doi.org/10.3390/app15179281

APA Style

Amorese, T., Cuciniello, M., Greco, C., D’Iorio, A., Aiello, E. N., Poletti, B., Silani, V., Ticozzi, N., Santangelo, G., Cordasco, G., & Esposito, A. (2025). Development and Validation of the Robot Acceptance Questionnaire (RAQ). Applied Sciences, 15(17), 9281. https://doi.org/10.3390/app15179281

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