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Volume 15
Issue 17
10.3390/app15179260
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This is an early access version, the complete PDF, HTML, and XML versions will be available soon.
Article

Toward an Augmented Reality Representation of Collision Risks in Harbors

by
Mario Miličević
1,*,
Igor Vujović
1,*,
Miro Petković
1 and
Ana Kuzmanić Skelin
2
1
Faculty of Maritime Studies, University of Split, Ruđera Boškovića 37, 21000 Split, Croatia
2
Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering and Naval Architecture, University of Split, Ruđera Boškovića 32, 21000 Split, Croatia
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(17), 9260; https://doi.org/10.3390/app15179260
Submission received: 16 July 2025 / Revised: 7 August 2025 / Accepted: 21 August 2025 / Published: 22 August 2025
(This article belongs to the Section Marine Science and Engineering)
Versions Notes

Featured Application

A mobile application for the visualization of collision risk in maritime traffic based on augmented reality is proposed.

Abstract

In ports with a significant density of non-AIS vessels, there is an increased risk of collisions. This is because physical limitations restrict the maneuverability of AIS vessels, while small vessels that do not have AIS are unpredictable. To help with collision prevention, we propose an augmented reality system that detects vessels from video stream and estimates speed with a single sideway-mounted camera. The goal is to visualize a cone for risk assessment. The estimation of speed is executed by geometric relations between the camera and the ship, which were used to estimate distances between points in a known time interval. The most important part of the proposal is vessel speed estimation by a monocular camera validated by a laser speed measurement. This will help port authorities to manage risks. This system differs from similar trials as it uses a single stationary camera linked to the authorities and not to the bridge crew.
Keywords: vessel speed estimation; augmented reality; video surveillance; maritime traffic; collision risk assessment vessel speed estimation; augmented reality; video surveillance; maritime traffic; collision risk assessment

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MDPI and ACS Style

Miličević, M.; Vujović, I.; Petković, M.; Kuzmanić Skelin, A. Toward an Augmented Reality Representation of Collision Risks in Harbors. Appl. Sci. 2025, 15, 9260. https://doi.org/10.3390/app15179260

AMA Style

Miličević M, Vujović I, Petković M, Kuzmanić Skelin A. Toward an Augmented Reality Representation of Collision Risks in Harbors. Applied Sciences. 2025; 15(17):9260. https://doi.org/10.3390/app15179260

Chicago/Turabian Style

Miličević, Mario, Igor Vujović, Miro Petković, and Ana Kuzmanić Skelin. 2025. "Toward an Augmented Reality Representation of Collision Risks in Harbors" Applied Sciences 15, no. 17: 9260. https://doi.org/10.3390/app15179260

APA Style

Miličević, M., Vujović, I., Petković, M., & Kuzmanić Skelin, A. (2025). Toward an Augmented Reality Representation of Collision Risks in Harbors. Applied Sciences, 15(17), 9260. https://doi.org/10.3390/app15179260

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