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Article

Development of an Electric Pulse Device for Coal Grinding

by
Ayanbergen Khassenov
1,
Dana Karabekova
1,*,
Madina Bolatbekova
1,*,
Bekbolat Nussupbekov
1,2,
Perizat Kissabekova
1 and
Rakhman Orazbayev
1
1
Physics and Technical Faculty, Karaganda University Named After Ye.A. Buketov, Karaganda 100024, Kazakhstan
2
Mining Faculty, Abylkas Saginov Karaganda Technical University, Karaganda 100012, Kazakhstan
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(10), 5548; https://doi.org/10.3390/app15105548
Submission received: 16 April 2025 / Revised: 9 May 2025 / Accepted: 12 May 2025 / Published: 15 May 2025
(This article belongs to the Section Applied Physics General)
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Versions Notes

Abstract

:
Efficient coal grinding is a crucial aspect of the energy and mining industries. However, traditional grinding methods are known to be energy-intensive and cause significant wear on equipment as well as negative environmental impacts due to the release of small particles that can harm air quality and affect human health. In response to these challenges, we are conducting research to develop an electric pulse device for coal grinding. This device will use high-voltage discharges in a liquid medium to create shock waves that selectively destroy coal particles while minimizing mechanical damage. The electric pulse installation consisted of a control unit (for monitoring the operating modes of the installation), a generator (for converting the AC input voltage into DC output voltage), a capacitor (for energy storage), a protection system (for shutting down the installation in cases when a voltage exceeding the set safe operating discharge voltage occurs on the capacitor), a spark gap (forming a gap consisting of two conductive hemispherical electrodes separated by an air gap, designed to form an electric spark between conductors), and an electric pulse grinding device. The input material for each experiment had consistent parameters: the coal particles were diameter 8–10 mm and weighed 400 g. Coal was processed using the electric pulse method with various voltage values, numbers of pulses, capacitor capacities, and pulse frequencies. The yield of the final product depended on these parameters, and effective settings for producing coal powder were identified. The research results demonstrate that a flat metal mesh plate is effective as the negative electrode in the electric pulse grinding device.

1. Introduction

In recent years, electric pulse technologies have attracted the attention of researchers and engineers due to their ability to provide selective and energy-efficient fragmentation of solid materials. The development and implementation of such technologies are reflected in numerous scientific studies describing the designs of electric pulse installations for the preliminary grinding of solid materials.
Electric pulse grinding (EPG) is also known as [1] electric pulse fragmentation (EPF), electrohydraulic fragmentation (EHF), electrohydraulic forming (EHF), or high-voltage pulse fragmentation (HVPF). This method is a high-rate sheet-metal-forming process that is based on the electrical discharge of high voltage capacitors in a water-filled chamber. The high pressure and shock waves generated in the process are transferred to the solid material, causing its disintegration [2].
The use of high-voltage electric pulses ensures effective crushing with relatively low energy consumption compared with traditional mechanical methods. The absence of chemical reagents and reduced dust generation make electric pulse technology a more environmentally friendly technology. Additionally, it allows for the efficient processing of any conductive metals and alloys, regardless of their physical properties [2,3].
The electric pulse method of material destruction is particularly relevant in the coal industry, where high-quality grinding and minimal impurity content are required. One study [4] examined the potential for producing coal–water fuel and for extracting rare elements from coal deposits using electric pulse technology. The authors proposed using the electric pulse destruction process for the integrated use of raw coal and its crushing and grinding while producing minimum ash content, a narrow particle size distribution, and the complete extraction of minerals. This could contribute to a more efficient use of coal resources and meet the growing demand for various materials.
This method is also in demand in various fields of application, including in surface cleaning [5,6,7,8], material fragmentation and ore beneficiation [9,10,11,12,13,14], the extraction of residual valuable minerals [15,16,17], and other technological processes [18,19,20].
Traditional mechanical grinding methods have several disadvantages. Studies such as [21,22,23,24] describe various mechanical grinding technologies—impact, abrasion, fracture, and shearing—used in mining and processing industries. These traditional mechanical methods remain widely used in crushing and processing within the mining and processing industries due to their effectiveness and relatively low capital costs. However, they have specific energy costs of up to 20–25 kWh/t, whereas the electropulse method can reduce this figure to 8–12 kWh/t, depending on the material characteristics and processing mode [13,14].
One study [25] described the development of high-voltage pulse generators for the electric-discharge grinding of materials, which were proposed as alternatives to traditional mechanical methods. The authors developed generators with fully automated control that provided output voltages up to 400 kV and stored energy exceeding 1 kJ. The study included the design and operating principles of electropulse installations, a detailed analysis of various pulse-generator circuits, including the use of Marx generators and linear pulse transformers, to create efficient material fragmentation installations. These installations allow the output voltage amplitude, electrical-discharge energy, and pulse repetition frequency to be varied over a wide range, making them suitable for crushing various materials.
A study conducted by the Julius Kruttschnitt Mineral Research Centre (JKMRC) [26] confirms the effectiveness of electric-discharge technology (EDT) in mineral raw material grinding. Specifically, a comparative analysis of platinum ore grinding established that achieving effective mineral liberation using EDT requires specific energy above 90 kWh/t. However, preliminary weakening of the ore using low specific energy (~2 kWh/t) results in reduced material strength, leading to a 24% decrease in energy consumption in subsequent grinding processes. These results indicate that EDT can be an effective alternative to traditional grinding methods, providing better mineral liberation with equal or lower energy consumption.
Experimental studies [4,12,13,14,27,28,29,30] show that the application of electric pulse technology contributes to energy savings of 30–60% when processing hard-to-beneficiate and low-grade ores compared with traditional methods like ball mills and jaw crushers.
Other studies [15,18,31] indicate that, with proper pulse parameter settings, it is possible to achieve more than a 40% reduction in process energy consumption while maintaining the same yield of commercial fractions.
The study by [14] also confirms energy savings in the range of 30–50% when processing finely dispersed minerals. Additionally, study [12] reports a 40–50% reduction in specific energy consumption when grinding certain types of ores using electric pulses. The industrial practices described by a company in [16] demonstrate improved energy efficiency of up to 60% during primary ore crushing. According to study [27], high-voltage pulse fragmentation of phosphate ore reduced energy consumption by 30–55%, significantly improving mineral liberation quality.
Moreover, electric pulse technology ensures a more selective destruction of material structures, reducing overgrinding and enhancing the extraction of valuable components, which is particularly relevant for the coal industry [4,9,10,15,17,27,29].
At the same time, there are several challenges associated with the introduction of electric pulses in industrial systems: the complex control of pulse parameters and ensuring the durability of electrodes and the working chambers. Therefore, research aimed at improving the design of electropulse systems and optimizing their operating modes remains highly relevant.
In this article, we present the laboratory development and testing of an electric pulse device for coal grinding. The research focuses on the impact of pulse frequency and voltage on the efficiency of coal grinding.

2. Experimental Installation and Research Methodology

The electric pulse installation is composed of several components. These include a control unit, which monitors the operating modes of the system, a generator that converts AC input voltage into DC output voltage, a capacitor for energy storage, a protection system to shut down the installation if a voltage exceeds the set safe operating voltage on the capacitor, a spark gap that forms an electric arc between two conductive electrodes, and an electric pulse grinding device. To switch the device into an efficient operating mode, it is necessary to convert the current pulse into an effective value by adjusting non-electrical factors. These factors include the shape and size of the main parts of the grinding device and the type of working electrodes.
The housing of a device for comminuted material can have various shapes. In such devices, the housing itself may serve as one of the electrodes for generating electric pulse discharges. The second electrode will be an insulated metal rod that is powered by an electric pulse installation. The bottom or wall of the housing may consist of a metal disk electrode with specially designed holes. The hole size is selected according to the desired fine-grinding size of the material [32].
In addition to the shape of the electrode (serving as the negative electrode), other important factors include the capacitor’s capacity, the number of discharges, and the discharge voltage parameters. To enhance the grinding efficiency, an electric pulse grinding device was developed, consisting of the following parts (Figure 1):
-
Lid (1), with the positive electrode mounted on it;
-
Reservoir for the raw material (2), where discharges occur and the material is crushed;
-
Reservoir for the final product (3);
-
Rubber gaskets (4) to prevent water leakage between the lid and the upper part of the device;
-
Rings welded to the reservoirs (5—for lid attachment; 6—for interconnection);
-
Flat metal mesh plate with 2000 µm holes serving as the negative electrode (7; Figure 2);
-
Lower part of the reservoir—a lid for collecting the final product (8);
-
Fastening bolts (9, 10), nuts (11, 12), and washers (13, 14).
Applsci 15 05548 g001
Figure 1. Electric pulse grinding device. (a) Type device. (b) Scheme device: 1—lid (positive electrode); 2—reservoir for raw material; 3—reservoir for the final product; 4—rubber gaskets; 5—welded ring for lid attachment; 6—welded ring for interconnection; 7—flat metal mesh plate (negative electrode); 8—lid of the lower reservoir; 9—fastening bolt (upper); 10—fastening bolt (lower); 11—nut (upper); 12—nut (lower); 13—washer (upper); 14—washer (lower).
Figure 1. Electric pulse grinding device. (a) Type device. (b) Scheme device: 1—lid (positive electrode); 2—reservoir for raw material; 3—reservoir for the final product; 4—rubber gaskets; 5—welded ring for lid attachment; 6—welded ring for interconnection; 7—flat metal mesh plate (negative electrode); 8—lid of the lower reservoir; 9—fastening bolt (upper); 10—fastening bolt (lower); 11—nut (upper); 12—nut (lower); 13—washer (upper); 14—washer (lower).
Applsci 15 05548 g001
Applsci 15 05548 g002
Figure 2. Flat metal mesh plate (with hole diameter of 2000 µm) used as the negative electrode.
Figure 2. Flat metal mesh plate (with hole diameter of 2000 µm) used as the negative electrode.
Applsci 15 05548 g002
During the tests of the electric pulse shredding device, we studied the effect of pulsed discharges on the ability to shred coal (Figure 3). The qualitative indicators of coal are presented in Table 1.
The process of grinding coal using the electric pulse method works as follows: Pieces of coal mixed with water are placed in the electric pulse device. After powering the generator with the control unit, the high voltage from the generator’s output is sent in parallel to the capacitor. Once the voltage on the capacitor reaches a breakdown threshold, a spontaneous discharge occurs across the spark gap. The energy stored in the capacitor is instantly released to the positive electrode of the electric pulse grinding device [40,41,42]. Grinding occurs due to the electric discharges between the electrodes in a heterogeneous medium and the shock waves generated in the water.
The experiments were conducted under the following conditions:
-
The negative electrode in the electric pulse grinding device was a flat metal plate without holes;
-
The negative electrode in the electric pulse grinding device was a flat metal mesh plate with a hole diameter of 2000 µm.
Since the discharge voltage, capacitor capacity, and number of pulse discharges are among the key parameters that affect the intensity of raw material processing using the electric pulse method, this study focused on investigating the influence of these parameters on coal grinding.

3. Results and Discussion

The experiments were conducted with the following parameters: a capacitor capacity of C = 0.4 μF, a pulse discharge voltage ranging from 20 kV to 32 kV, and a number of pulse discharges of 500 (48 discharges per minute, as shown in Table 2). Based on the research results, we determined the yield of the final product as K = (m1/m2)·100%, where m1 is the average mass of the product produced using the electric pulse method, and m2 is the initial mass of raw.
In previous studies, the negative electrode of the electro-impulse device was a solid flat metal plate. Subsequently, it was replaced with a flat metal grid plate featuring 2000 µm openings.
The parameters of the feedstock used for each experiment remained constant. The diameter of the coal fraction ranged from 8 to 10 mm, and the mass was 400 g. The mass of the raw material before and after processing using the electric pulse method was measured using electronic scales with a maximum load of 1.200 g and a discreteness of 0.001 g. The diameter of the feedstock fraction was measured using a caliper. The granulometric composition of the coal powder obtained using the electric pulse method was analyzed using the sieve method in accordance with GOST 12536-2014 [43], “Methods for Laboratory Determination of Granulometric (Grain) and Microaggregate Composition”. The crushed coal was sieved using sieves with hole diameters of 100, 200, and 400 µm. The sieves were calibrated according to GOST 51568-99 [44]. The coal-grinding experiments using the electro-impulse method were conducted five times. Based on the experimental results, the mass fraction of the weighted average particle sizes was determined. The discharge voltage was measured using a three-range electrostatic kilovoltmeter (measurement ranges: 25–50–75 kV), with a permissible basic error limit of ±2.0% within the working scale range.
From the data presented in Table 2, we can see that when using a flat metal plate without holes as a negative electrode, the yield of the finished product does not change significantly. The yield of coal powder with a diameter of 200–400 μm was between 2.6–4.4%, while the yield of products with a diameter between 100 and 200 μm increased from 2–3.9%. The yield of a product with a diameter of 80–100 μm amounted to between 0.7 and 1.5%. When using a lattice metal plate with holes (size 200 μm) as a negative electrode, we found that the yield of finished products increased. The yield of coal powder with a diameter of 200–400 μm increased from 4.6 to 11.2%, while the yield of 100–200 μm powder products increased from 2.5 to 8.2%. The yield of 80–100 μm products was between 0.9 and 4.1%.
In subsequent studies, the capacitance of the capacitor was varied from 0.4 μF to 1.6 μF (see Table 3). For each experiment, the pulse-discharge voltage and the number of pulses were kept constant (U = 32 kV, N = 500 discharge; the number of pulses per minute was 48).
With an increase in the capacitor’s capacity from 0.4 μF to 1.6 μF, the output of the finished product fell within the following ranges: when using a flat metal plate without holes as the negative electrode, the output of coal powder with a diameter between 200 and 400 μm increased twofold, while for a product with a diameter between 100 and 200 μm, the output increased 1.7-fold, and for a product between 80 and 100 μm in size, it increased three-fold.
When using a lattice-shaped metal plate with a hole size of 200 microns as a negative electrode for the grinding of coal, the yield of powder with a diameter between 200 and 400 microns increased by a factor of 1.7. For a product with a size between 100 and 200 microns, the yield changed by approximately 2.3 times, and for powder with a diameter ranging from 80 to 100 microns, the output of the finished product was increased by 2 times. Comparing the results of coal grinding with different types of electrodes in an electric pulse device reveals that using a lattice-structured flat metal plate as the negative electrode with a hole diameter of 2000 µm results in a significantly higher overall yield of the final product.
When coal is crushed using the electric pulse method, the output of raw materials depends not only on the capacity of the capacitor and the discharge voltage, but also on the frequency of the pulses. This frequency is one of the main factors that affects the performance and cost-effectiveness of the electric pulse technology. Coal grinding was performed at different frequencies of pulse discharges while keeping the values of capacitor capacity and pulse discharge voltage constant (U = 32 kV, C = 1.2 μF; see Table 4). The processing time for each experiment was also kept constant (τ = 10 min).
Based on the results of coal processing using a flat metal plate without holes as the negative electrode, it was observed that the yield of the final product did not significantly change, despite an increase in the frequency of pulse discharges. When using a perforated flat metal plate (with a hole size of 200 µm) as the negative electrode, the yield of the final product increased from 20.5% to 32.1%. However, it was found that the yield of the final product did not significantly increase at pulse-discharge frequencies of f = 4 discharges/s and f = 5 discharges/s.
The reason for the decrease in the intensity of the coal grinding process with an increase in the frequency of pulse discharges may be due to several factors:
-
With an increase in the pulse frequency, the energy transmitted per unit of time may not be distributed efficiently enough, which does not allow for high-quality grinding [45];
-
Rapid pulse following can lead to the fact that the grinding process does not have time to complete, and the coal is not subjected to the required number of impacts to achieve the required degree of grinding [46];
-
As a result of frequent exposure, the agglomeration of crushed particles may occur, which makes it difficult to further grind them.
Studies were conducted to determine the energy consumption of the electro-impulse unit (Table 5). Energy consumption was measured using an electric energy meter. The experimental results indicate that at the maximum discharge voltage (32 kV), capacitor bank capacity (1.6 μF), and pulse discharge frequency (f = 5 discharges/s), the energy consumption of the unit is 2.14 kWh.
Studies were conducted to determine the energy efficiency of the electric pulse method compared with traditional mechanical methods. A laboratory cone mill with a motor power of 1.5 kW was used as the traditional mechanical mill. The grinding time of the raw materials was 5 min. The diameter of the finished product was d < 200 mm. The experimental data indicated that the mass of product obtained through mechanical grinding could be achieved using the electric pulse method at a discharge frequency of f = 4 discharge/sec (Table 6). The laboratory electric pulse installation demonstrated a productivity of approximately 2–3 kg/h for the finished product, with a particle diameter of 200 μm.

4. Conclusions

An electric pulse device for producing coal powder has been developed and tested in research. Based on the results of the experimental studies, we have shown that the proposed device can increase the intensity of raw-material grinding. The effective parameters for obtaining coal powder by the electric pulse method are as follows: the capacitor capacity should be at least 0.8 µF; the voltage of pulsed discharges should be at least 28 kV; the frequency of pulsed discharges should not exceed f = 4 discharges/s. The results of the research have shown that using a latticed flat metal plate as the negative electrode in an electric pulse shredding device is effective, as it increases the yield of the finished product by 2–2.5 times.
One of the main drawbacks of the device is that the lid needs to be fully opened with the positive electrode in order to load the product being processed. To address this issue, it is planned to implement a product download channel in the future. Additionally, it is proposed to reduce the diameter of the hole in the metal plate that serves as the negative electrode to 1000 µm.

Author Contributions

Conceptualization, A.K., D.K., M.B. and B.N.; methodology, A.K., D.K., M.B. and B.N.; validation, A.K. and D.K.; formal analysis, A.K. and M.B.; investigation, A.K., D.K., M.B., B.N. and P.K.; writing—original draft preparation, A.K., D.K. and M.B.; writing—review and editing, A.K., D.K. and M.B.; visualization, A.K., D.K., M.B., P.K. and R.O.; supervision, A.K., D.K., M.B. and B.N.; project administration, A.K., D.K. and M.B.; funding acquisition, A.K. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This research is funded by the Science Committee of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Republic of Kazakhstan (Grant AP23488837).

Institutional Review Board Statement

Not applicable.

Informed Consent Statement

Not applicable.

Data Availability Statement

The data presented in this study are available on request from the corresponding authors.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

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Applsci 15 05548 g003
Figure 3. The feedstock has a fraction diameter of 8–10 mm.
Figure 3. The feedstock has a fraction diameter of 8–10 mm.
Applsci 15 05548 g003
Table 1. The qualitative indicators of coal.
Table 1. The qualitative indicators of coal.
Quality Indicators of CoalMoistureAshNitrogen Hydrogen Carbon Volatile Matter Sulfur Calorific Value
Test standardGOST 11014-2001 [33]GOST ISO 1171-2012 [34]GOST 28743-93 [35]GOST 2408.1-95 [36]GOST 2408.1-95 [36]GOST ISO 562-2012 [37]GOST 8606-2015 [38]GOST 147-2013 [39]
Number of indicators of coal content6.26%27.8%0.76%5.12%50.41%61.1%0.84%5111 kcal/kg
Table 2. The results of coal grinding with different electric pulse discharge voltages (U).
Table 2. The results of coal grinding with different electric pulse discharge voltages (U).
Diameter of the Resulting Product
(d, μm)		The Negative Electrode in the Electric Pulse Grinding Device Is a Solid Flat Metal Plate Without HolesThe Negative Electrode in the Electric Pulse Grinding Device Is a Flat Metal Grid Plate with Openings of 2000 μm
Average Mass of the Obtained Product (m1, g)Output of the Finished Product (K, %)Average Mass of the Obtained Product (m1, g)Output of the Finished Product (K, %)
d, μmN = 500 discharge, U = 20 kV, C = 0.4 μF
200–40010.4 ± 0.92.618.4 ± 0.94.6
100–2008 ± 0.5210 ± 0.52.5
80–1001.6 ± 0.20.43.6 ± 0.40.9
d, μmN = 500 discharge, U = 24 kV, C = 0.4 μF
200–40012.4 ± 0.93.133.6 ± 1.18.4
100–2008.8 ± 0.72.216.4 ± 0.84.1
80–1002.8 ± 0.40.74.8 ± 0.31.2
d, μmN = 500 discharge, U = 28 kV, C = 0.4 μF
200–40015.2 ± 0.73.836.8 ± 0.89.2
100–20012.4 ± 0.93.122.8 ± 0.35.7
80–1003.6 ± 0.30.98.4 ± 0.42.1
d, μmN = 500 discharge, U = 32 kV, C = 0.4 μF
200–40017.6 ± 0.84.444.8 ± 0.911.2
100–20015.6 ± 0.73.932.8 ± 0.78.2
80–1006 ± 0.21.516.4 ± 0.44.1
Table 3. The results of the output finished product (K) obtained at different values of the capacitor capacity (C).
Table 3. The results of the output finished product (K) obtained at different values of the capacitor capacity (C).
Diameter of the Resulting Product
(d, μm)		The Negative Electrode in the Electric Pulse Grinding Device Is a Solid Flat Metal Plate Without HolesThe Negative Electrode in the Electric Pulse Grinding Device Is a Flat Metal Grid Plate with Openings of 2000 μm
Average Mass of the Obtained Product (m1, g)Output of the Finished Product (K, %)Average Mass of the Obtained Product (m1, g)Output of the Finished Product (K, %)
d, μmN = 500 discharge, U = 32 kV, C = 0.4 μF
200–40017.6 ± 0.84.444.8 ± 0.911.2
100–20015.6 ± 0.73.932.8 ± 0.78.2
80–1006 ± 0.21.516.4 ± 0.44.1
d, μmN = 500 discharge, U = 32 kV, C = 0,8 μF
200–40022.8 ± 0.75.755.6 ± 1.213.9
100–20020.4 ± 0.55.146.4 ± 1.111.6
80–10010.8 ± 0.62.721.6 ± 0.45.4
d, μmN = 500 discharge, U = 32 kV, C = 1.2 μF
200–40030 ± 0.97.569.6 ± 1.517.4
100–20023.2 ± 0.95.864.8 ± 1.316.2
80–10015.2 ± 0.53.826.8 ± 1.16.7
d, μmN = 500 discharge, U = 32 kV, C = 1.6 μF
200–40035.2 ± 1.18.876.4 ± 2.719.1
100–20026 ± 0.96.574.8 ± 1.218.7
80–10020.4 ± 0.85.133.2 ± 0.98.3
Table 4. The results of coal grinding depend on the frequency of the electric pulse discharges (f).
Table 4. The results of coal grinding depend on the frequency of the electric pulse discharges (f).
Diameter of the Resulting Product
(d, μm)		The Negative Electrode in the Electric Pulse Grinding Device Is a Solid Flat Metal Plate Without HolesThe Negative Electrode in the Electric Pulse Grinding Device Is a Flat Metal Grid Plate with Openings of 2000 μm
Average Mass of the Obtained Product (m1, g)Output of the Finished Product (K, %)Average Mass of the Obtained Product (m1, g)Output of the Finished Product (K, %)
d, μmU = 32 kV, C = 1.2 μF, f = 2 discharge/s, τ = 10 min
100–20030.4 ± 0.87.682 ± 2.120.5
d, μmU = 32 kV, C = 1.2 μF, f = 3 discharge/s, τ = 10 min
100–20041.6 ± 1.110.4106.8 ± 3.726.7
d, μmU = 32 kV, C = 1.2 μF, f = 4 discharge/s, τ = 10 min
100–20047.2 ± 1.311.8125.2 ± 4.231.3
d, μmU = 32 kV, C = 1.2 μF, f = 5 discharge/s, τ = 10 min
100–20038.4 ± 0.99.6128.4 ± 3.932.1
Table 5. Results of studies determining the energy consumption of the electric pulse installation.
Table 5. Results of studies determining the energy consumption of the electric pulse installation.
Voltage of Pulse Discharge U = 28 kVU = 32 kV
Condenser capacity Energy consumption of the installation at a pulse discharge frequency of
f = 4 discharges/s
C = 0.4 μF0.37 kWh0.44 kWh
C = 0.8 μF0.75 kWh0.86 kWh
C = 1.2 μF1.14 kWh1.31 kWh
C = 1.6 μF1.46 kWh1.71 kWh
Condenser capacityEnergy consumption of the installation at a pulse discharge frequency of
f = 5 discharges/s
C = 0.4 μF0.44 kWh0.51 kWh
C = 0.8 μF0.87 kWh1.33 kWh
C = 1.2 μF1.31 kWh1.52 kWh
C = 1.6 μF1.75 kWh2.14 kWh
Table 6. Research results from determining the energy efficiency of an electric pulse installation.
Table 6. Research results from determining the energy efficiency of an electric pulse installation.
Diameter of the Finished Product (d, mm)Mass of Product Obtained from the Mechanical Mill (Raw Material Grinding Time—5 min), gMass of Product Obtained from the Electric Pulse Method (Raw Material Grinding Time—5 min), g
U = 32 kV, C = 1.2 μF, f = 2 Discharge/sU = 32 kV, C = 1.2 μF, f = 3 Discharge/sU = 32 kV, C = 1.2 μF, f = 4 Discharge/sU = 32 kV, C = 1.2 μF, f = 5 Discharge/s
d < 200 mm178.4105.8169.2202.5225.3
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Khassenov, A.; Karabekova, D.; Bolatbekova, M.; Nussupbekov, B.; Kissabekova, P.; Orazbayev, R. Development of an Electric Pulse Device for Coal Grinding. Appl. Sci. 2025, 15, 5548. https://doi.org/10.3390/app15105548

AMA Style

Khassenov A, Karabekova D, Bolatbekova M, Nussupbekov B, Kissabekova P, Orazbayev R. Development of an Electric Pulse Device for Coal Grinding. Applied Sciences. 2025; 15(10):5548. https://doi.org/10.3390/app15105548

Chicago/Turabian Style

Khassenov, Ayanbergen, Dana Karabekova, Madina Bolatbekova, Bekbolat Nussupbekov, Perizat Kissabekova, and Rakhman Orazbayev. 2025. "Development of an Electric Pulse Device for Coal Grinding" Applied Sciences 15, no. 10: 5548. https://doi.org/10.3390/app15105548

APA Style

Khassenov, A., Karabekova, D., Bolatbekova, M., Nussupbekov, B., Kissabekova, P., & Orazbayev, R. (2025). Development of an Electric Pulse Device for Coal Grinding. Applied Sciences, 15(10), 5548. https://doi.org/10.3390/app15105548

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