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Volume 15
Issue 10
10.3390/app15105403
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This is an early access version, the complete PDF, HTML, and XML versions will be available soon.
Article

The Evolution of Service Ecosystems Based on the Lotka–Volterra Model

by
Binbin Shi
,
Yu Li
,
Tingting Liang
*,
Xixi Sun
,
Liquan Cui
,
Haonan Zhang
and
Yuyu Yin
College of Computer Science & Technology, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou 310023, China
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(10), 5403; https://doi.org/10.3390/app15105403
Submission received: 17 March 2025 / Revised: 30 April 2025 / Accepted: 2 May 2025 / Published: 12 May 2025
Versions Notes

Abstract

Diversification and business expansion have become key strategies for modern business development, prompting many large companies to move from singular service models to diversified service strategies, ultimately evolving into comprehensive service ecosystems. Therefore, an in-depth understanding of the evolutionary patterns of service ecosystems is crucial for formulating efficient and effective management strategies and helping enterprises to make informed decisions during the service innovation process. At present, research on the evolution of service ecosystems largely lacks sufficient theoretical underpinning and focuses on the supply–demand relationship relationship, which reduces the credibility of research conclusions and ignores the influence of multiple factors. In this paper, the Lotka–Volterra (LV) model is introduced to service ecosystems and the model as a ternary framework that captures competition–cooperation dynamics among atomic and composite services. In addition, an agent-based computational experiment is designed to integrate adversarial games for decision-making and genetic algorithms for service evolution. Furthermore, the results indicate that moderate competition α≈0.5 among atomic services maximizes composite service innovation and excessive cooperation α→0 stifles it.
Keywords: service ecosystem; value-driven; Lotka–Volterra model; service evolution service ecosystem; value-driven; Lotka–Volterra model; service evolution

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Shi, B.; Li, Y.; Liang, T.; Sun, X.; Cui, L.; Zhang, H.; Yin, Y. The Evolution of Service Ecosystems Based on the Lotka–Volterra Model. Appl. Sci. 2025, 15, 5403. https://doi.org/10.3390/app15105403

AMA Style

Shi B, Li Y, Liang T, Sun X, Cui L, Zhang H, Yin Y. The Evolution of Service Ecosystems Based on the Lotka–Volterra Model. Applied Sciences. 2025; 15(10):5403. https://doi.org/10.3390/app15105403

Chicago/Turabian Style

Shi, Binbin, Yu Li, Tingting Liang, Xixi Sun, Liquan Cui, Haonan Zhang, and Yuyu Yin. 2025. "The Evolution of Service Ecosystems Based on the Lotka–Volterra Model" Applied Sciences 15, no. 10: 5403. https://doi.org/10.3390/app15105403

APA Style

Shi, B., Li, Y., Liang, T., Sun, X., Cui, L., Zhang, H., & Yin, Y. (2025). The Evolution of Service Ecosystems Based on the Lotka–Volterra Model. Applied Sciences, 15(10), 5403. https://doi.org/10.3390/app15105403

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