Hydrogen Materials and Technologies in the Aspect of Utilization in the Polish Energy Sector
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Physicochemical Properties of Hydrogen
3. Hydrogen Production Methods
4. Hydrogen Storage
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- Physical methods that involve storing compressed or liquefied molecular hydrogen;
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- Methods on the basis of the adsorption processes of molecular hydrogen on materials having a well-developed surface using weak intermolecular van der Waals interactions;
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- Chemisorption methods, which involve the chemical binding (absorption) of atomic hydrogen.
5. Polish Hydrogen Valleys
6. The Future of Hydrogen in Poland
7. Polish Prototype Installations for Production and Storage of Hydrogen
8. Conclusions and Prospects
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- The technologies and materials used in green hydrogen energy are more environmentally friendly but require large investment outlays, supplies of critical raw materials for electrolysers and fuel cells, and the consumption of large amounts of water.
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- The steam reforming of methane will be a bridge method of hydrogen production in the pursuit of zero emissions. With the drastically increasing costs of CO2 emissions, the use of CCS/CCUS technology will become economically profitable and will be an essential activity to carry out the energy transformation in Poland.
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- Gasification as a technology for the thermal processing of biogenic waste and one of the closed loop technologies has great potential for hydrogen production and can play an important role in achieving the sustainable development goals in Poland. This technology is currently at the level of research and development projects and implementations.
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- The Polish hydrogen economy is in the initial stage of development. Currently, the main barriers to the development of hydrogen energy in Poland are the lack of appropriate legal regulations enabling and supporting the development of an ecological hydrogen industry, high investment and operating costs of a hydrogen infrastructure, and the limited availability of electrolysers.
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- The condition for the development of the hydrogen economy in Poland is the simultaneous development of new capacities of renewable energy sources, primarily offshore and onshore wind farms. Nuclear power plants will provide significant support for the development of hydrogen energy.
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- In the long-term perspective of the development of the hydrogen market in Poland, the construction of a hydrogen terminal (similar to the LNG terminal), as well as the expansion of hydrogen pipelines, will be necessary to handle export/import trade.
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- Although there is currently no underground hydrogen storage facility in Poland, its construction should not pose any problems, taking into account the experience in the construction and operation of underground natural gas storage facilities.
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- Creating hydrogen valleys in Poland will support the use of research and development potential and should contribute to significant economic growth and the creation of new jobs.
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- Taking into account the growing demand for energy storage, it can be concluded that there is still a need to look for new technological solutions that are more economically beneficial and environmentally friendly.
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- To accelerate the development of hydrogen storage systems, it is recommended to use machine learning techniques, which will reduce the time and costs associated with conducting experiments on a large number of potential materials.
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- Hydrogen storage is recommended for use in the transport sector, seasonal energy storage, the flexibility of network operations, and for the integration of the electricity grid with the gas network.
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- The use of waste biomass or seawater for hydrogen production will certainly bring significant social and environmental benefits.
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- The development of hydrogen energy requires the drafting of international standards and regulations that are currently not available, as well as cooperation integrating the scientific community, industries, and the government.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Fuel | Flammability Limits [vol. %] | Octane Number | Temperature of Self- Ignition [°C] | Combustion Speed [m s−1] |
---|---|---|---|---|
Hydrogen | 4–75 | 130 | 585 | 2.65–3.25 |
Methane | 5–16 | 125 | 540 | 0.37–0.45 |
Methane + 20% hydrogen fraction | 4.6–19.9 | |||
Methane + 60% hydrogen fraction | 4.4–26 | |||
Methane + 80% hydrogen fraction | 4.6–47.6 | |||
Propane | 2.2–9.6 | 105 | 490 | |
Petrol | 1–7.6 | 87–98 | 230–480 | 0.37–0.43 |
Diesel fuel | 0.6–5.5 | 30 | 254–285 |
Hydrogen Production Technology | Estimated Proces Efficiency [%] | Emission of CO2[kgCO2/ kg H2] | Hydrogen Colour | Advantages | Disadvantages | Estimated Hydrogen Production Cost [EUR/kg H2] |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Hard coal gasification process | 30–40 | 15–20 | black | well-known and available technology, low efficiency | high-emission technology, impurities in the raw material, low efficiency, fluctuations in the raw material prices, costs depending on the price of CO2 emission allowances | 1.3–2.8 |
Methane steam reforming (SMR) | 74–85 | 8–12.9 | grey | proven technology/infrastructure, high efficiency, low cost | high-emission technology, variable natural gas prices, costs dependent on the price of CO2 emission allowances | 1.3–2.2 |
Hydrogen produced from fossil fuels combined with CO2 capture process (CCS) | 2–4 | blue | low-emission technology | high cost of CCS installation, dependence on fossil fuels | 1.2–3.6 | |
Water electrolysis using nuclear energy | 60–80 | 0–0.2 | pink | emission-free technology | high energy and water consumption, high prices and poor availability of electrolyzers, high cost of installing a nuclear power plant | 3.5 do 8.5 |
Water electrolysis using renewable energy sources | 60–80 | 0 | green | emission-free technology | high energy and water consumption, high prices and poor availability of electrolyzers, dependence on weather conditions | 3.5 do 8.5 |
Polish Hydrogen Valley (Year of Establishment) | Scope of Activity/Achievements |
---|---|
Pomeranian (2019) | the application of zero-emission hydrogen in public transport, production of green hydrogen from offshore areas, and production of electrolysers; Lotos Group implemented the Pure H2 project until 2023 |
Subcarpathian (2021) | hydrogen buses, hydrogen in aviation, hydrogen in energy, green heat, and water pipelines; Polenergia is implementing the H2HUB Nowa Sarzyna project “Green Hydrogen Storage” with an application for project development assistance |
Silesian–Lesser (2022) | the production of 350 tH2/y low-emission hydrogen, green steel, and the decarbonisation of public transport; Orlen Południe launched a green glycol production plant; the creation of the hydrogen portal H2Poland.eu, supporting the development of the hydrogen economy in Poland and the Silesian–Lesser Poland Hydrogen Valley |
Lower Silesian (2022) | the production of green ammonia, green heat, and the use of green hydrogen in metallurgical processes, namely the production of green copper, hydrogen in river transport (hydrogen barges), hydrogen in public transport, and hydrogen storage; in 2022, two applications were submitted to an international consortium for the Horizon Europe programme for the development of a regional hydrogen economy; in 2023, the first commercial installation for the production of green hydrogen in Poland (electrolyser with a capacity of 5 MW, 720 tH2/y) powered by renewable energy (wind, PV) was launched; the produced hydrogen will be converted in a trigeneration installation (into heat, cold, electricity) and used as a green fuel |
Mazovian (2022) | the production of green hydrogen, synthetic fuels, biogas, the petrochemical industry, hydrogen in river transport, and public transport, namely the production of hydrogen buses and hydrogen refuelling stations; PKN Orlen is implementing the Hydrogen Eagle project and IPCEI called Hy2USE; the Hydrogen Academy project was also launched |
Central (2023) | hydrogen production from renewable energy, hydrogen haulers, hydrogen storage, renewable energy, green public transport, and hydrogen production from nuclear energy |
West Pomeranian (2022) | green ammonia production, low-emission maritime transport, low-emission river transport, ammonia collection infrastructure, integration around a large chemical company, and the Shore H2 Valley concept |
Greater (2021) | the production of clean hydrogen and hydrogen in housing, which is a project of the first housing estate in Poland heated with a zero-emission hydrogen boiler; hydrogen refuelling stations, the production of hydrogen buses, hydrogen in air transport; the “Economical 20250-H2 Greater Poland” project is being implemented |
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Giza, K.; Owczarek, E.; Piotrowska-Woroniak, J.; Woroniak, G. Hydrogen Materials and Technologies in the Aspect of Utilization in the Polish Energy Sector. Appl. Sci. 2024, 14, 10024. https://doi.org/10.3390/app142110024
Giza K, Owczarek E, Piotrowska-Woroniak J, Woroniak G. Hydrogen Materials and Technologies in the Aspect of Utilization in the Polish Energy Sector. Applied Sciences. 2024; 14(21):10024. https://doi.org/10.3390/app142110024
Chicago/Turabian StyleGiza, Krystyna, Edyta Owczarek, Joanna Piotrowska-Woroniak, and Grzegorz Woroniak. 2024. "Hydrogen Materials and Technologies in the Aspect of Utilization in the Polish Energy Sector" Applied Sciences 14, no. 21: 10024. https://doi.org/10.3390/app142110024
APA StyleGiza, K., Owczarek, E., Piotrowska-Woroniak, J., & Woroniak, G. (2024). Hydrogen Materials and Technologies in the Aspect of Utilization in the Polish Energy Sector. Applied Sciences, 14(21), 10024. https://doi.org/10.3390/app142110024