Efficacy of Nonpharmacological Treatment in Children and Adolescent with Tic Disorder: A Systematic Review
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Eligibility Criteria
2.2. Information Sources and Search Strategy
2.3. Selection Process
3. Results
3.1. Study Selection
3.2. Studies Characteristics
3.2.1. Subject Selection
3.2.2. Assessment Method: The Yale Global Tic Severity Scale (YGTSS)
3.2.3. Classification of Interventions
3.3. Results of Individual Studies
3.4. Results of Syntheses
Follow-Ups
4. Discussion
4.1. Limitations
4.2. Future Studies
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Database | Coverage |
---|---|
PubMed | 1977 to present |
EBSCOhost (APA PsycInfo, APA PsycArticles, PSYNDEX Literature with PSYNDEX Tests, ERIC) | 1951 to present |
JABA | 1968 to present |
ID | Study and Year | Country | Sample Size (Male, %) | Age Range M [SD] | Diagnosis | Study Design |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Piacentini et al. (2010) | United States of America | 126 (Male = 99; 79%) | 9–17 years 11.7 [2.30] | TS or CTD | Two-phase, multicenter, RCT |
2 | Himle et al. (2012) | - a | 18 (Male = 17; 94%) | 8–17 years 11.6 [2.70] | TS or CTD | Randomized Pilot Trial |
3 | Ricketts et al. (2012) | - | 20 (Male = 13; 65%) | 8–16 years 12.16 [2.34] | TS or CTD | Randomized Waitlist-controlled Pilot Trial |
4 | Yates et al. (2016) | England | 33 (Male = 25; 76%) | 9–13 years 10.96 [1.45] | TS or CTD | Single-blind RCT |
5 | Rachamim et al. (2020) | Israel | 41 (Male = 29; 71%) | 7–18 years 11.26 [1.94] | TS or CTD | RCT |
6 | Andrén et al. (2022) | Sweden | 221 (Male = 152; 69%) | 9–17 years 12.1 [2.30] | TS or CTD | Single-masked, parallel group, superiority RCT |
7 | Zimmerman-Brenner et al. (2022) | Israel | 55 (Male = 45; 82%) | 8–15 years 10.93 | TS or CTD | RCT |
8 | Hollis et al. (2023) | England | 224 (Male = 177; 79%) | 9–17 years | TS or CTD | Superiority parallel-group, single-blind, multicenter RCT |
9 | Heijerman-Holtgrefe et al. (2024) | The Netherlands | 106 (Male = 71; 67%) | 9–17 years 12.59 [2.11] | TS or CTD | Investigator-blinded RCT |
ID | Study and Year | Intervention | Intervention’s Components | Delivered by | Timing | Follow Up |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Piacentini et al. (2010) | CBIT | HRT (awareness training, competing response training), relaxation training, functional intervention | Therapists with master’s-level or higher education | 8 sessions (60 or 90 min long) during 10 weeks | 3-, 6-months |
2 | Himle et al. (2012) | Telehealth- delivered CBIT Face-to-Face- delivered CBIT | Psychoeducation, HRT, FAI, relaxation training | Therapists were level psychologists with extensive CBIT training | 6 weekly sessions + 2 bi-weekly sessions | 4-months |
3 | Ricketts et al. (2012) | CBIT-VoIP | HRT, psychoeducation, self-monitoring, FAI, diaphragmatic breathing, progressive muscle relaxation, behavioral rewards | Four master’s level therapists who were trained using the CBIT manual | 2 sessions (1.5 h long) + 6 sessions (1 h long) occurring over a 10-week period | - a |
4 | Yates et al. (2016) | HRT | Relaxation training, functional analysis | Five clinicians (three qualified and two in training) | 2 sessions (90 min long) + Other sessions (1 h long) | - |
5 | Rachamim et al. (2020) | ICBIT | Psycho-education, awareness training, stress management skills, identifying factors that exacerbate tics, education, maintaining intervention gains and relapse prevention | Students in a master’s degree program in Clinical Psychology, with no previous experience in providing CBIT or ICBIT, supervised by three clinicians | 9 consecutive conjoint child-caregiver modules, delivered over 9 weeks | 3-, 6-months |
6 | Andrén et al. (2022) | Internet delivered ERP | Practice tic suppression (response prevention) and gradually provoke premonitory urges to make the tic suppression more challenging (exposure) | Clinical or trainee psychologists with specific training | 10 modules delivered over 10 weeks | 3-, 6-, 12-months |
7 | Zimmerman-Brenner et al. (2022) | CBIT EIT | CBIT: psychoeducation, tic awareness, competing response training, functional intervention, relaxation training, rewards EIT: psychoeducation, supportive intervention | Two trained CBT therapists administered intervention sessions | 8 weekly sessions (60 or 90 min long) + 3 additional monthly booster sessions (60 min long) | 3-months |
8 | Hollis et al. (2023) | Internet delivered ERP | Online, therapist-supported ERP | Therapist | 10 modules delivered over 10 weeks | 3-, 6-, 12-, 18-months |
9 | Heijerman-Holtgrefe et al. (2024) | TYT | Condensed group treatment with evidence-based ERP, Workshops | Treatment: therapists with 3–15 years of experience assisted by co-therapists Workshops: given by experts by experience (young adult patients) | 3 weeks | 3-, 6-months |
Yale Global Tic Severity Scale (YGTSS) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Intervention Group | Control Group | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Total Tic Score | Total Motor Score | Total Phonic Score | Impairment | Total Tic Score | Total Motor Score | Total Phonic Score | Impairment | |||||||||||||||||
ID | B | PT | ES | B | PT | ES | B | PT | ES | B | PT | ES | B | PT | ES | B | PT | ES | B | PT | ES | B | PT | ES |
1 | 24.70 | 17.10 | 0.68 *** | 14.60 | 10.70 | 0.49 | 10.10 | 6.50 | 0.50 | 25.00 | 12.20 | 0.57 | 24.60 | 21.10 | - a | 14.60 | 12.50 | - | 10.00 | 8.60 | - | 23.40 | 16.40 | - |
2 | 23.40 [7.50] | 15.60 [9.80] | 0.54 * | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 24.10 [3.90] | 17.60 [6.50] | 0.75 * | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
3 | 25.75 [8.51] | 18.50 [7.75] | 0.90 *** | 16.33 [3.31] | 12.08 [3.48] | 1.07 ** | 9.42 [6.13] | 6.42 [5.89] | 0.57 * | 31.25 [9.16] | 20.83 [8.08] | 0.94 ** | 22.00 [5.71] | 20.25 [6.21] | 0.39 | 14.13 [1.96] | 13.13 [2.90] | 0.42 | 7.88 [5.33] | 7.13 [4.79] | 0.15 | 31.75 [6.27] | 28.00 [7.11] | 0.67 |
4 | - | - | - | 17.65 [4.74] | 15.12 [4.30] | 0.22 * | 12.71 [6.99] | 12.71 [5.61] | −0.28 | - | - | - | - | - | - | 16.31 [3.03] | 15.88 [2.28] | - | 12.63 [5.93] | 11.13 [5.82] | - | - | - | - |
5 | 22.72 [6.37] | 16.12 [7.96] | 0.20 ** | 16.48 [4.55] | 11.44 [6.09] | 0.40 *** | 6.24 [5.50] | 4.68 [5.05] | 0.03 | 33.60 [14.86] | 15.22 [12.38] | 0.18 ** | 21.88 [5.03] | 20.94 [7.83] | - | 14.31 [3.82] | 14.75 [3.13] | - | 7.57 [6.00] | 5.63 [6.02] | - | 30.00 [17.51] | 26.88 [16.21] | - |
6 | 22.25 [5.60] | 18.53 [5.94] | 0.44 *** | - | - | - | - | - | - | 18.38 [7.08] | 10.65 [8.68] | 1.00 *** | 23.01 [5.92] | 19.27 [7.20] | 0.60 *** | - | - | - | - | - | - | 18.73 [7.79] | 11.52 [9.59] | 1.00 *** |
7 | 24.80 [9.30] | 18.40 [11.50] | 0.86 *** | 14.30 [5.10] | 10.90 [6.20] | 0.73 ** | 10.60 [8.00] | 7.40 [6.60] | 1.32 *** | 20.80 [10.40] | 14.30 [12.30] | 0.75 *** | 22.00 [6.00] | 21.80 [9.00] | 1.09 *** | 14.00 [3.50] | 14.10 [4.30] | 0.96 *** | 8.00 [4.60] | 7.70 [5.70] | 1.95 *** | 21.70 [10.30] | 13.50 [13.70] | 0.72 ** |
8 | 28.40 [7.70] | 23.90 [8.20] | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 23.80 [10.30] | 16.70 [10.40] | - | 28.40 [7.10] | 26.80 [7.30] | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 22.90 [9.90] | 19.10 [10.90] | - |
9 | 26.79 [8.30] | 23.65 [7.85] | - | 16.27 [4.30] | 14.80 [3.99] | - | 10.52 [6.68] | 8.84 [6.39] | - | 24.04 [11.59] | 19.41 [13.18] | - | 29.61 [9.23] | 27.93 [10.41] | - | 17.74 [4.18] | 16.63 [4.99] | - | 11.87 [6.72] | 11.30 [6.97] | - | 27.41 [12.16] | 25.56 [12.24] | - |
Yale Global Tic Severity Scale (YGTSS)—Total Tic Severity Score | |||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Intervention Group | Control Group | ||||||||||||||
ID | Study and Year | Baseline | PT | 3-mth | 4-mth | 6-mth | 12-mth | 18-mth | Baseline | PT | 3-mth | 4-mth | 6-mth | 12-mth | 18-mth |
1 | Piacentini et al. (2010) | 18.60 | 13.70 | 13.90 | - | 13.30 | - | - | 18.15 | 13.00 | 9.90 | - | 10.40 | - | - |
2 | Himle et al. (2012) | 23.40 | 15.60 | - a | 16.80 | - | - | - | 24.10 | 17.60 | - | 20.10 | - | - | - |
5 | Rachamim et al. (2020) | 20.58 | 12.47 | 9.36 | - | 8.72 | - | - | 21.88 | 20.94 | - | - | - | - | - |
6 | Andrén et al. (2022) | 22.25 | 18.53 | 16.17 | - | - | - | - | 23.01 | 19.27 | 17.72 | - | - | - | - |
7 | Zimmerman-Brenner et al. (2022) | 24.80 | 39.80 | 18.40 | - | - | - | - | 22.00 | 37.10 | 21.80 | - | - | - | - |
8 | Hollis et al. (2023) | 28.40 | 23.90 | - | - | 21.50 | 21.70 | 21.50 | 28.40 | 26.80 | - | - | 25.00 | 24.90 | 23.90 |
9 | Heijerman-Holtgrefe et al. (2024) | 26.79 | 23.65 | 21.43 | - | - | - | - | 29.61 | 27.93 | 26.76 | - | - | - | - |
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Amico, C.; Crepaldi, C.; Rinaldi, M.; Buffone, E.; Scaini, S.; Forresi, B.; Leoni, M. Efficacy of Nonpharmacological Treatment in Children and Adolescent with Tic Disorder: A Systematic Review. Appl. Sci. 2024, 14, 9466. https://doi.org/10.3390/app14209466
Amico C, Crepaldi C, Rinaldi M, Buffone E, Scaini S, Forresi B, Leoni M. Efficacy of Nonpharmacological Treatment in Children and Adolescent with Tic Disorder: A Systematic Review. Applied Sciences. 2024; 14(20):9466. https://doi.org/10.3390/app14209466
Chicago/Turabian StyleAmico, Cecilia, Chiara Crepaldi, Margherita Rinaldi, Elisa Buffone, Simona Scaini, Barbara Forresi, and Mauro Leoni. 2024. "Efficacy of Nonpharmacological Treatment in Children and Adolescent with Tic Disorder: A Systematic Review" Applied Sciences 14, no. 20: 9466. https://doi.org/10.3390/app14209466
APA StyleAmico, C., Crepaldi, C., Rinaldi, M., Buffone, E., Scaini, S., Forresi, B., & Leoni, M. (2024). Efficacy of Nonpharmacological Treatment in Children and Adolescent with Tic Disorder: A Systematic Review. Applied Sciences, 14(20), 9466. https://doi.org/10.3390/app14209466