The Nutritional Value Adequacy and Microbiological Quality of Canned Foods for Puppies and Adult Dogs
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Sampling
2.2. Nutritional Value
2.2.1. Proximate Analysis
2.2.2. Energy Value
2.3. Microbiological Analysis
- d—sample dilution
- V—volume of the inoculum (mL).
2.4. Statistical Analysis
- Ai and Bi—unitarized values of traits included in the compared profiles A and B;
- n—number of traits in the profile;
- m—midpoint of the ranking scale.
3. Results
3.1. Nutritional Value and Compliance with the Label
3.2. Compliance with Dog Food Label Declarations
3.3. Microbiological Safety
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Item 1 | Moisture g/100 g | CP | EE | CF | CA | NFE | ME | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | A | GI | 76.35 j | 47.74 h | 27.69 f | 3.392 gh | 12.043 j | 16.792 e | 415.5 a |
2 | A | GI | 73.54 ij | 48.30 h | 25.77 d | 3.712 hi | 10.266 h | 17.139 e | 422.7 b |
3 | A | GI | 70.59 ghi | 35.63 d | 35.36 o | 2.269 de | 13.052 k | 17.569 ef | 468.4 i |
4 | A | GI | 69.60 fgh | 45.15 g | 32.53 l | 2.044 de | 8.291 f | 20.132 g | 453.5 def |
5 | A | GI | 46.05 a | 30.78 a | 27.04 e | 1.040 a | 6.462 d | 38.721 k | 461.6 gh |
6 | A | GF | 64.88 de | 40.97 f | 43.46 q | 3.474 gh | 8.021 f | 9.992 d | 498.0 l |
7 | A | GF | 53.26 bc | 44.30 g | 27.01 e | 1.205 ab | 5.851 c | 27.693 i | 456.1 fg |
8 | A | GF | 56.07 c | 50.61 i | 22.50 b | 1.055 a | 7.032 e | 22.296 h | 449.7 de |
9 | A | GF | 66.37 def | 74.71 n | 18.18 a | 2.209 de | 3.830 a | 4.594 b | 440.6 c |
10 | A | GF | 65.41 de | 58.70 k | 27.94 g | 3.727 hi | 4.029 a | 10.706 d | 455.0 ef |
11 | P | GI | 50.80 b | 32.67 bc | 33.90 m | 1.275 abc | 6.341 d | 32.135 j | 477.5 j |
12 | P | GI | 51.28 b | 31.67 ab | 36.22 p | 1.277 abc | 5.863 c | 31.166 j | 489.1 k |
13 | P | GI | 68.19 efg | 44.19 g | 34.90 n | 2.173 de | 9.408 g | 16.165 e | 465.4 hi |
14 | P | GI | 68.69 efgh | 52.15 j | 30.39 k | 4.143 ij | 11.042 i | 5.082 b | 449.5 de |
15 | P | GI | 70.30 ghi | 39.04 e | 29.97 j | 4.536 j | 9.683 g | 18.918 fg | 448.6 d |
16 | P | GF | 71.96 ghi | 52.44 j | 29.18 i | 1.827 cd | 10.707 i | 8.395 c | 466.3 hi |
17 | P | GF | 72.20 hi | 62.75 l | 24.44 c | 5.315 k | 10.052 h | 1.635 a | 414.2 a |
18 | P | GF | 64.97 de | 33.66 c | 49.84 r | 1.709 bcd | 13.707 l | 9.674 cd | 502.5 l |
19 | P | GF | 63.36 d | 67.09 m | 28.10 h | 2.546 ef | 3.691 a | 4.798 b | 463.3 hi |
20 | P | GF | 64.23 d | 62.95 l | 29.97 j | 3.086 fg | 5.370 b | 2.110 a | 475.2 j |
Contrast | |||||||||
Mean for A | 64.21 a | 47.69 a | 28.75 a | 2.413 a | 7.888 a | 18.563 b | 452.1 a | ||
Mean for P | 64.60 a | 47.86 a | 32.69 b | 2.789 b | 8.586 b | 13.008 a | 465.1 b | ||
Contrast | |||||||||
Mean for GF | 64.30 a | 54.82 b | 30.06 a | 2.616 a | 7.229 a | 10.189 a | 462.1 b | ||
Mean for GI | 64.54 a | 40.73 a | 31.38 b | 2.586 a | 9.245 b | 21.382 b | 455.2 a | ||
Recommended minimum level [33] | |||||||||
Adult dogs based on MER of 110 kcal/kg BW0.75 | 18.00 | 5.50 | |||||||
Growing dogs: early growth (<14 weeks) | 25.00 | 8.50 | |||||||
Growing dogs: late growth (≥14 weeks) | 20.00 | 8.50 |
No | 1_A_GI | 2_A_GI | 3_A_GI | 4_A_GI | 5_A_GI | 6_A_GF | 7_A_GF | 8_A_GF | 9_A_GF | 10_A_GF | 11_P_GI | 12_P_GI | 13_P_GI | 14_P_GI | 15_P_GI | 16_P_GF | 17_P_GF | 18_P_GF | 19_P_GF |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2_A_GI | 0.947 | - | |||||||||||||||||
3_A_GI | 0.299 | 0.089 | - | ||||||||||||||||
4_A_GI | 0.140 | 0.073 | 0.471 | - | |||||||||||||||
5_A_GI | −0.112 | −0.099 | 0.272 | 0.771 | - | ||||||||||||||
6_A_GF | −0.551 | −0.575 | 0.341 | −0.026 | −0.125 | - | |||||||||||||
7_A_GF | −0.143 | −0.094 | 0.052 | 0.837 | 0.900 | −0.219 | - | ||||||||||||
8_A_GF | 0.096 | 0.133 | 0.052 | 0.795 | 0.689 | −0.406 | 0.901 | - | |||||||||||
9_A_GF | 0.015 | 0.175 | −0.574 | 0.095 | −0.152 | −0.344 | 0.270 | 0.533 | - | ||||||||||
10_A_GF | −0.211 | 0.057 | −0.717 | −0.129 | −0.216 | 0.013 | 0.097 | 0.172 | 0.799 | - | |||||||||
11_P_GI | −0.368 | −0.384 | 0.341 | 0.752 | 0.933 | 0.213 | 0.827 | 0.550 | −0.245 | −0.217 | - | ||||||||
12_P_GI | −0.503 | −0.518 | 0.329 | 0.676 | 0.856 | 0.368 | 0.749 | 0.448 | −0.273 | −0.186 | 0.984 | - | |||||||
13_P_GI | 0.005 | −0.149 | 0.800 | 0.783 | 0.434 | 0.467 | 0.423 | 0.404 | −0.168 | −0.325 | 0.582 | 0.593 | - | ||||||
14_P_GI | 0.575 | 0.586 | 0.214 | −0.294 | −0.681 | 0.118 | −0.625 | −0.337 | 0.156 | 0.166 | −0.706 | −0.696 | 0.019 | - | |||||
15_P_GI | 0.535 | 0.641 | 0.263 | −0.138 | −0.047 | 0.070 | −0.290 | −0.323 | −0.350 | −0.026 | −0.154 | −0.191 | −0.087 | 0.527 | - | ||||
16_P_GF | 0.210 | 0.089 | 0.553 | 0.472 | −0.022 | 0.154 | 0.164 | 0.448 | 0.321 | −0.070 | 0.028 | 0.025 | 0.718 | 0.417 | −0.216 | - | |||
17_P_GF | 0.645 | 0.749 | −0.271 | −0.419 | −0.680 | −0.315 | −0.538 | −0.239 | 0.421 | 0.425 | −0.837 | −0.877 | −0.426 | 0.832 | 0.461 | 0.073 | - | ||
18_P_GF | −0.167 | −0.394 | 0.822 | 0.278 | 0.040 | 0.717 | −0.118 | −0.198 | −0.563 | −0.581 | 0.294 | 0.377 | 0.784 | 0.103 | −0.061 | 0.490 | −0.441 | - | |
19_P_GF | −0.320 | −0.157 | −0.571 | 0.048 | −0.207 | 0.051 | 0.205 | 0.361 | 0.907 | 0.872 | −0.148 | −0.104 | −0.059 | 0.093 | −0.431 | 0.288 | 0.243 | −0.341 | - |
20_P_GF | −0.356 | −0.210 | −0.402 | −0.096 | −0.390 | 0.323 | −0.037 | 0.128 | 0.761 | 0.812 | −0.256 | −0.167 | 0.025 | 0.316 | −0.289 | 0.386 | 0.300 | −0.112 | 0.932 |
Crude Protein | Ether Extract | Crude Ash | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Analysis Result (% Out of Tolerance) | Tolerance Range | Analysis Result (% Out of Tolerance) | Tolerance Range | Analysis Result (% Out of Tolerance) | Tolerance Range | |
1_A_GI | 47.74 (2.2%↑) | 40.72–46.72 | 27.69 | 27.23–36.23 | 12.04 (0.6%↑) | 8.02–12.03 |
2_A_GI | 48.30 | 42.93–48.93 | 25.77 (16.1%↓) | 30.70–39.70 | 10.27 (88.6%↑) | 2.44–5.44 |
3_A_GI | 35.63 | 35.10–41.10 | 35.36 (18.8%↑) | 20.83–29.76 | 13.05 | 10.71–16.07 |
4_A_GI | 45.15 (3.9%↓) | 47.0–53.0 | 32.53 (1.0%↑) | 23.19–32.19 | 8.29 | 7.14–10.71 |
5_A_GI | 30.78 (3.8%↓) | 32.0–38.0 | 27.04 | 27.00–36.00 | 6.46 | 5.50–8.50 |
6_A_GF | 40.97 | 39.37–45.37 | 43.46 (1.9%↑) | 33.64–42.64 | 8.02 | 7.59–11.38 |
7_A_GF | 44.30 (5.4%↑) | 36.02–42.02 | 27.01 (5.9%↓) | 28.71–37.71 | 5.85 | 4.59–7.59 |
8_A_GF | 50.61 (51.4%↑) | 27.42–33.42 | 22.50 (8.0%↑) | 14.59–20.84 | 7.03 (13.3%↑) | 3.21–6.21 |
9_A_GF | 74.71 (10.2%↑) | 61.81–67.81 | 18.18 (12.3%↓) | 20.74–29.63 | 3.83 | 1.33–4.33 |
10_A_GF | 58.70 | 57.0–63.0 | 27.94 (6.9%↑) | 18.30–26.14 | 4.03 | 1.18–4.18 |
11_P_GI | 32.67 | 32.0–38.0 | 33.90 (7.6%↑) | 22.50–31.50 | 6.34 (15.5%↓) | 7.50–11.25 |
12_P_GI | 31.67 | 32.0–38.0 | 36.22 (15.0%↑) | 22.50–31.50 | 5.86 (21.8%↓) | 7.50–11.25 |
13_P_GI | 44.19 | 42.83–48.83 | 34.90 | 28.25–37.25 | 9.41 | 7.81–11.72 |
14_P_GI | 52.15 | 47.0–53.0 | 30.39 | 28.82–37.82 | 11.04 (8.0%↑) | 6.82–10.23 |
15_P_GI | 39.04 | 35.89–41.89 | 29.97 | 24.78–33.78 | 9.68 | 6.94–10.42 |
16_P_GF | 52.44 | 47.00–53.00 | 29.18 | 26.55–35.55 | 10.71 (4.7%↑) | 6.82–10.23 |
17_P_GF | 62.75 (9.5%↑) | 51.29–57.29 | 24.44 (4.4%↓) | 25.57–34.57 | 10.05 | 8.57–12.86 |
18_P_GF | 33.66 (15.4%↓) | 39.80–45.80 | 49.84 (36.9%↑) | 27.40–36.40 | 13.71 (32.4%↑) | 6.90–10.35 |
19_P_GF | 67.09 (25.2%↑) | 47.61–53.61 | 28.09 (7.0%↓) | 30.20–39.20 | 3.69 | 1.64–4.64 |
20_P_GF | 62.95 (18.8%↑) | 47.00–53.00 | 29.97 (8.6%↓) | 32.77–41.77 | 5.37 (31.7%↑) | 1.08–4.08 |
No | TAMBC | Enterobacteriaceae | Escherichia coli | Salmonella spp. | CPS | Listeria spp. | Clostridium perfringens | Bacillus cereus | Pseudomonas spp. | TYMC | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
CFU/1 g of dog food | CFU/1 g of dog food | CFU/1 g of dog food | CFU/25 g of dog food | CFU/1 g of dog food | CFU/25 g of dog food | CFU/1 g of dog food | CFU/1 g of dog food | CFU/1 g of dog food | CFU/1 g of dog food | |||
1 | A | GI | <1 × 101 | <1 × 101 | <1 × 101 | <1 × 101 | <1 × 101 | <1 × 101 | <1 × 101 | <1 × 101 | <1 × 101 | <1 × 101 |
2 | A | GI | <1 × 101 | <1 × 101 | <1 × 101 | <1 × 101 | <1 × 101 | <1 × 101 | <1 × 101 | <1 × 101 | <1 × 101 | <1 × 101 |
3 | A | GI | <1 × 101 | <1 × 101 | <1 × 101 | <1 × 101 | <1 × 101 | <1 × 101 | <1 × 101 | <1 × 101 | <1 × 101 | <1 × 101 |
4 | A | GI | <1 × 101 | <1 × 101 | <1 × 101 | <1 × 101 | <1 × 101 | <1 × 101 | <1 × 101 | <1 × 101 | <1 × 101 | <1 × 101 |
5 | A | GI | <1 × 101 | <1 × 101 | <1 × 101 | <1 × 101 | <1 × 101 | <1 × 101 | <1 × 101 | <1 × 101 | <1 × 101 | <1 × 101 |
6 | A | GF | <4 × 101 | <1 × 101 | <1 × 101 | <1 × 101 | <1 × 101 | <1 × 101 | <1 × 101 | <1 × 101 | <1 × 101 | <1 × 101 |
7 | A | GF | <1 × 101 | <1 × 101 | <1 × 101 | <1 × 101 | <1 × 101 | <1 × 101 | <1 × 101 | <1 × 101 | <1 × 101 | <1 × 101 |
8 | A | GF | <1 × 101 | <1 × 101 | <1 × 101 | <1 × 101 | <1 × 101 | <1 × 101 | <1 × 101 | <1 × 101 | <1 × 101 | <1 × 101 |
9 | A | GF | <1 × 101 | <1 × 101 | <1 × 101 | <1 × 101 | <1 × 101 | <1 × 101 | <1 × 101 | <1 × 101 | <1 × 101 | <1 × 101 |
10 | A | GF | <1 × 101 | <1 × 101 | <1 × 101 | <1 × 101 | <1 × 101 | <1 × 101 | <1 × 101 | <1 × 101 | <1 × 101 | <1 × 101 |
11 | P | GI | <1 × 101 | <1 × 101 | <1 × 101 | <1 × 101 | <1 × 101 | <1 × 101 | <1 × 101 | <1 × 101 | <1 × 101 | <1 × 101 |
12 | P | GI | <4 × 101 | <1 × 101 | <1 × 101 | <1 × 101 | <1 × 101 | <1 × 101 | <1 × 101 | <1 × 101 | <1 × 101 | <1 × 101 |
13 | P | GI | <1 × 101 | <1 × 101 | <1 × 101 | <1 × 101 | <1 × 101 | <1 × 101 | <1 × 101 | <1 × 101 | <1 × 101 | <1 × 101 |
14 | P | GI | <1 × 101 | <1 × 101 | <1 × 101 | <1 × 101 | <1 × 101 | <1 × 101 | <1 × 101 | <1 × 101 | <1 × 101 | <1 × 101 |
15 | P | GI | <1 × 101 | <1 × 101 | <1 × 101 | <1 × 101 | <1 × 101 | <1 × 101 | <1 × 101 | <1 × 101 | <1 × 101 | <1 × 101 |
16 | P | GF | <1 × 101 | <1 × 101 | <1 × 101 | <1 × 101 | <1 × 101 | <1 × 101 | <1 × 101 | <1 × 101 | <1 × 101 | <1 × 101 |
17 | P | GF | <1 × 101 | <1 × 101 | <1 × 101 | <1 × 101 | <1 × 101 | <1 × 101 | <1 × 101 | <1 × 101 | <1 × 101 | <1 × 101 |
18 | P | GF | <1 × 101 | <1 × 101 | <1 × 101 | <1 × 101 | <1 × 101 | <1 × 101 | <1 × 101 | <1 × 101 | <1 × 101 | <1 × 101 |
19 | P | GF | <1 × 101 | <1 × 101 | <1 × 101 | <1 × 101 | <1 × 101 | <1 × 101 | <1 × 101 | <1 × 101 | <1 × 101 | <1 × 101 |
20 | P | GF | <1 × 101 | <1 × 101 | <1 × 101 | <1 × 101 | <1 × 101 | <1 × 101 | <1 × 101 | <1 × 101 | <1 × 101 | <1 × 101 |
No | TAMBC | Enterobacteriaceae | Escherichia coli | Salmonella spp. | CPS | Listeria spp. | Clostridium perfringens | Bacillus cereus | Pseudomonas spp. | TYMC | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | A | GI | D | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | D | ND | ND |
2 | A | GI | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND |
3 | A | GI | D | D | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | D | ND | ND |
4 | A | GI | D | ND | ND | ND | D | ND | ND | D | ND | ND |
5 | A | GI | D | D | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | D | ND |
6 | A | GF | D | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | D | ND | ND |
7 | A | GF | D | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND |
8 | A | GF | D | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND |
9 | A | GF | D | D | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | D | ND |
10 | A | GF | D | ND | ND | ND | D | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND |
11 | P | GI | D | D | ND | ND | D | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND |
12 | P | GI | D | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND |
13 | P | GI | D | D | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | D | ND |
14 | P | GI | D | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND |
15 | P | GI | D | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | D | ND | ND |
16 | P | GF | D | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND |
17 | P | GF | D | ND | ND | ND | D | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND |
18 | P | GF | D | D | ND | ND | D | ND | ND | ND | D | ND |
19 | P | GF | D | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | D | D | ND |
20 | P | GF | D | ND | ND | ND | D | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND |
For A/P | ||||||||||||
χ2 Pearson’a | - | p = 1.000 | - | - | p = 0.329 | - | - | p = 0.329 | p = 0.605 | - | ||
χ2 Yates’a | - | p = 0.626 | - | - | p = 0.626 | - | - | p = 0.626 | p = 1.000 | - | ||
τb | - | 0.000 | - | - | 0.218 | - | - | 0.218 | 0.116 | - | ||
For GI/GF | ||||||||||||
χ2 Pearson’a | - | p = 0.329 | - | - | p = 0.329 | - | - | p = 0.329 | p = 0.605 | - | ||
χ2 Yates’a | - | p = 0.626 | - | - | p = 0.626 | - | - | p = 0.626 | p = 1.000 | - | ||
τb | - | −0.218 | - | - | 0.218 | - | - | 0.218 | 0.116 | - |
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Kazimierska, K.; Biel, W.; Witkowicz, R.; Kochel-Karakulska, J. The Nutritional Value Adequacy and Microbiological Quality of Canned Foods for Puppies and Adult Dogs. Appl. Sci. 2024, 14, 760. https://doi.org/10.3390/app14020760
Kazimierska K, Biel W, Witkowicz R, Kochel-Karakulska J. The Nutritional Value Adequacy and Microbiological Quality of Canned Foods for Puppies and Adult Dogs. Applied Sciences. 2024; 14(2):760. https://doi.org/10.3390/app14020760
Chicago/Turabian StyleKazimierska, Katarzyna, Wioletta Biel, Robert Witkowicz, and Jolanta Kochel-Karakulska. 2024. "The Nutritional Value Adequacy and Microbiological Quality of Canned Foods for Puppies and Adult Dogs" Applied Sciences 14, no. 2: 760. https://doi.org/10.3390/app14020760
APA StyleKazimierska, K., Biel, W., Witkowicz, R., & Kochel-Karakulska, J. (2024). The Nutritional Value Adequacy and Microbiological Quality of Canned Foods for Puppies and Adult Dogs. Applied Sciences, 14(2), 760. https://doi.org/10.3390/app14020760