Research Progress on the Mechanisms and Control Methods of Rockbursts under Water–Rock Interactions
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. The Mechanisms through Which Water Impacts the Physical and Mechanical Properties of Rocks
3. Research Progress on Water’s Impact in Strain-Induced Rockburst Experiments
3.1. Study of Strain-Induced Rockburst Tendencies under Different Moisture Contents
3.2. The Weakening Effect of Water on Hard Rock and the Evolution of Internal Microcracks in the Rock
3.3. Study on the Mechanical Properties of Sandstone under Wet–Dry Cyclic Conditions
- (1)
- Similarities:
- All the studies concentrate on the mechanical properties of sandstone subjected to wet and dry cyclic conditions;
- All utilize experimental techniques to assess the dynamic tensile or compressive properties of sandstone;
- All findings indicate that wet and dry cycles have a significant impact on the mechanical properties of sandstone.
- (2)
- Differences:
- Cai et al. [56] focus more on the fracture behavior and damage mechanisms of sandstone under wet and dry cyclic conditions, while the other two studies place greater emphasis on its dynamic tensile or compressive properties;
- The experimental methods used in the three studies differ slightly.
4. Consideration of Water’s Impact on Rockburst Prediction and Prevention
4.1. Subsection
4.2. Consider the Prevention and Control of Water-Affected Rockbursts
- (1)
- Hydraulic fracturing and pressure-relief water injection. Hydraulic fracturing creates fissures in the rock body by injecting high-pressure water, releasing stress, slowing down stress concentration, and reducing the risk of rock explosion. Bucking water injection makes the stress release smoother by reducing the initial stress in the rock body, which is suitable for high-risk areas with stress concentration.
- (2)
- Rock softening and wet blasting. Water injection is used to soften the rock, reduce its strength and brittleness, thereby reducing the energy release during the rupture, to prevent rock burst. Wet blasting uses water to reduce the temperature and stress concentration during blasting, mitigating the risk of rock explosion generated during blasting.
- (3)
- Groundwater drainage and water curtain spraying. A drainage system is used to control the accumulation of groundwater, reduce the water content of the rock mass, and improve its stability. Water curtain spraying by reducing the surface temperature of the rock body and friction in the fissure, effectively preventing the rock explosion caused by temperature changes, is suitable for high-temperature stress environments.
4.3. Integration of Water-Prevented Rockbursts
- Challenges in Coal Mining Environments
- (1)
- Poor permeability of coal seams: Coal seams are usually compact and have low permeability, which may result in poor diffusion of water injection. Higher injection pressures or longer injection durations may be needed to ensure adequate penetration into the coal seams.
- (2)
- Risks of methane release: In coal mines, the water injection process may release gaseous methane, increasing the risk of gas explosions. Thus, gas monitoring and venting measures must be integrated to ensure the safety of the injection process.
- (3)
- Deformation and support challenges in tunnels: Water injection may soften and deform the rock layers surrounding tunnels, presenting new challenges for tunnel support. Support designs and injection plans must be combined to balance the geological changes caused by water injection with support stability.
- Challenges in Metal Mining Environments
- (1)
- Diversity of rock types: The rock layers in metal mines vary, including hard rocks (like granite) and soft rocks (like shale). The stress concentration and permeability characteristics differ significantly between different rock layers, necessitating tailored water injection strategies for each type.
- (2)
- Seismic activity induced by water injection: In metal mines, especially under hard rock conditions, high-pressure water injection may induce small earthquakes or fault slips, increasing the risk of local geological disasters. Detailed seismic monitoring and risk assessments are required.
- (3)
- Water resource management in mining areas: In some metal mines, groundwater resource management is a critical issue. Water injection may alter the hydrological conditions of the mining area, necessitating a balance between sustainable water resource utilization and rock burst prevention needs.
4.4. Vision for the Future
- (1)
- Rock explosion characteristics of different rock types in the water environment. Study the mechanical performance of different rocks in various water environments, to explore the water content, permeability and other factors on the rock strength, brittleness and stress concentration changes. This type of research can reveal the mechanism of water on different rocks in a particular environment, to help predict and control the conditions for the occurrence of rock bursts, especially in the wet or water-saturated underground engineering.
- (2)
- Development of new prevention and control technologies. For the risk of rockbursts in the water environment, new prevention and control technologies can be developed in the future, such as the use of nanomaterials or intelligent water control technology to change the mechanical properties of the rock, thereby reducing the occurrence of rockbursts. In addition, technologies that can actively regulate the water content of the rock body can be developed to control water infiltration and diffusion in order to enhance rock stability.
- (3)
- Intelligent monitoring and early warning system. Combined with advanced sensing technology, develop a system for real-time monitoring of the water content status and stress changes in the rock body, and use data-driven intelligent algorithms for rock explosion risk prediction and early warning. Such a system can provide accurate rock burst prevention information by monitoring the dynamic changes in water and rock, helping to take timely countermeasures during engineering construction.
5. Conclusions
- Water’s weakening effects: Water notably weakens the mechanical properties of rocks through both physical and chemical mechanisms. It accelerates the breakdown of the rock’s microstructure, enhances the development and propagation of microcracks, and decreases the rock’s strength and stiffness. Moreover, water reduces the rock’s elastic strain energy storage, increases energy dissipation, and hinders the concentrated release of elastic strain energy, thereby lessening the severity of rock failure.
- Reduction in rock burst risk: Water reduces the likelihood and severity of rock bursts by weakening the rock’s mechanical properties and diminishing its energy storage capacity. Practical engineering strategies, including water injection into the surrounding rock, high-pressure water spraying, and hydraulic cutting, are used to mitigate the risk of rock bursts.
- Considerations for rock burst testing: When performing rock burst experiments, it is crucial to consider how different types and amounts of water affect rock mechanical properties and test outcomes. In high-pressure rock burst tests, the influence of water on compressive strength, dynamic strength, and fracture patterns should be carefully evaluated. Addressing the impact of moisture comprehensively and exploring prediction and control methods under various interacting conditions can offer valuable insights for practical applications in geotechnical engineering.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
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Fan, L.; Chang, Y.; Peng, K.; Bai, Y.; Luo, K.; Wu, T.; Ma, T. Research Progress on the Mechanisms and Control Methods of Rockbursts under Water–Rock Interactions. Appl. Sci. 2024, 14, 8653. https://doi.org/10.3390/app14198653
Fan L, Chang Y, Peng K, Bai Y, Luo K, Wu T, Ma T. Research Progress on the Mechanisms and Control Methods of Rockbursts under Water–Rock Interactions. Applied Sciences. 2024; 14(19):8653. https://doi.org/10.3390/app14198653
Chicago/Turabian StyleFan, Ling, Yangkai Chang, Kang Peng, Yansong Bai, Kun Luo, Tao Wu, and Tianxing Ma. 2024. "Research Progress on the Mechanisms and Control Methods of Rockbursts under Water–Rock Interactions" Applied Sciences 14, no. 19: 8653. https://doi.org/10.3390/app14198653
APA StyleFan, L., Chang, Y., Peng, K., Bai, Y., Luo, K., Wu, T., & Ma, T. (2024). Research Progress on the Mechanisms and Control Methods of Rockbursts under Water–Rock Interactions. Applied Sciences, 14(19), 8653. https://doi.org/10.3390/app14198653