Propagation Characteristics of Initial Compression Wave Induced by 400 km/h High-Speed Trains Passing through Very Long Tunnels
Abstract
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Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Theoretical Approach
2.1. Governing Equations
2.2. Heat Transfer and Friction Terms
2.3. Initial and Boundary Conditions
2.4. Numerical Calculation Approach
- (1)
- characteristic line
- (2)
- characteristic line
- (3)
- characteristic line
2.5. Validation of the Numerical Approach
3. Comparison of Unsteady Friction Models
4. Results and Discussion
4.1. The Spatiotemporal Variation Characteristics of Pressure and Pressure Gradient during Compression Wave Propagation
4.2. Variation Characteristics of Wavelength of Compression Waves
4.3. Variation Characterization of Pressure Gradient and Amplitude of Compression Wavess
4.4. Effect of Friction Terms
4.5. Effect of Ambient Temperature
4.6. Mitigation Characteristics of Compression Waves Pressure Gradient in Different Tunnel Entrance Hoods
4.7. The Distribution Characteristics of Steepening Critical Distance of Compression Waves at Different Train Speeds
5. Conclusions
- (1)
- When the initial compression waves propagate in very long tunnels, they undergo a steepening phase (characterized by steepening waveform, decreasing wavelength, and increasing pressure gradient) followed by an attenuation phase (characterized by elongation waveform, increasing wavelength, and decreasing pressure gradient). During the steepening phase, the nonlinear effects of the compression waves are stronger than the frictional effects, whereas during the attenuation phase, the opposite is true. Due to the frictional effects, the pressure amplitude decreases continuously during compression wave propagation.
- (2)
- The pressure gradient of the initial compression waves of the type A tunnel entrance hoods and type B tunnel entrance hoods decreased by 32.38% and 68.11%, respectively. This is compared to the case of no tunnel entrance hood. The tunnel entrance hoods not only reduce the pressure gradient of the initial compression waves but also extend the steepening critical distance.
- (3)
- Steady frictional effects primarily reduce the pressure amplitude of compression waves without affecting the steepening process of the compression waves. Unsteady frictional effects alter the waveform of the compression waves, reducing the pressure gradient and suppressing the steepening process of the compression waves. The decrease in ambient temperature increases the nonlinear effects of compression waves, reducing viscous dissipation and resulting in an increased steepening rate and attenuation ratio. The degree of the steepening of compression waves depends on the initial compression waves’ pressure gradient and friction effects. As a train’s speed increases, the steepening critical distance shortens.
- (4)
- The mitigating performance of different tunnel entrance hoods shows a trend of initially increasing and then decreasing with increasing propagation distance. The type A tunnel entrance and type B tunnel entrance hoods achieve maximum reduction rates of 63% and 95%, respectively, at distances of 3 km and 4 km. When assessing the performance of tunnel entrance hoods, it is essential to consider not only their impact on the pressure gradient of initial compression waves but also the propagation characteristics of the initial compression waves in the tunnel. This implies the need to find the optimal matching relationship between tunnel entrance hoods and tunnel length to ensure their mitigating performance is maximized.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Wei, K.; Mei, Y.; Sun, Q.; Hu, X. Propagation Characteristics of Initial Compression Wave Induced by 400 km/h High-Speed Trains Passing through Very Long Tunnels. Appl. Sci. 2024, 14, 5946. https://doi.org/10.3390/app14135946
Wei K, Mei Y, Sun Q, Hu X. Propagation Characteristics of Initial Compression Wave Induced by 400 km/h High-Speed Trains Passing through Very Long Tunnels. Applied Sciences. 2024; 14(13):5946. https://doi.org/10.3390/app14135946
Chicago/Turabian StyleWei, Kang, Yuangui Mei, Qi Sun, and Xiao Hu. 2024. "Propagation Characteristics of Initial Compression Wave Induced by 400 km/h High-Speed Trains Passing through Very Long Tunnels" Applied Sciences 14, no. 13: 5946. https://doi.org/10.3390/app14135946
APA StyleWei, K., Mei, Y., Sun, Q., & Hu, X. (2024). Propagation Characteristics of Initial Compression Wave Induced by 400 km/h High-Speed Trains Passing through Very Long Tunnels. Applied Sciences, 14(13), 5946. https://doi.org/10.3390/app14135946