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Volume 13
Issue 6
10.3390/app13063607
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Article

Estimating the Soundscape Structure and Dynamics of Forest Bird Vocalizations in an Azimuth-Elevation Space Using a Microphone Array

by
Reiji Suzuki
1,*,
Koichiro Hayashi
2,
Hideki Osaka
3,
Shiho Matsubayashi
4,
Takaya Arita
1,
Kazuhiro Nakadai
5 and
Hiroshi G. Okuno
6,7
1
Graduate School of Informatics, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
2
School of Informatics and Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
3
toriR Lab., Echizen 915-0242, Japan
4
Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka 560-8531, Japan
5
Department of Systems and Control Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan
6
Graduate School of Inform, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
7
Future Robotics Organization, Waseda University, Shinjuku, Tokyo 169-0072, Japan
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Appl. Sci. 2023, 13(6), 3607; https://doi.org/10.3390/app13063607
Submission received: 26 December 2022 / Revised: 27 February 2023 / Accepted: 4 March 2023 / Published: 11 March 2023
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Trends and Challenges in Robotic Applications)
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Abstract

Songbirds are one of the study targets for both bioacoustic and ecoacoustic research. In this paper, we discuss the applicability of robot audition techniques to understand the dynamics of forest bird vocalizations in a soundscape measured in azimuth and elevation angles with a single 16-channel microphone array, using HARK and HARKBird. First, we evaluated the accuracy in estimating the azimuth and elevation angles of bird vocalizations replayed from a loudspeaker on a tree, 6.55 m above the height of the array, from different horizontal distances in a forest. The results showed that the localization error of azimuth and elevation angle was equal to or less than 5 degrees and 15 degrees, respectively, in most of cases when the horizontal distance from the array was equal to or less than 35 m. We then conducted a field observation of vocalizations to monitor birds in a forest. The results showed that the system can successfully detect how birds use the soundscape horizontally and vertically. This can contribute to bioacoustic and ecoacoustic research, including behavioral observations and study of biodiversity.
Keywords: bird song; soundscape; ecoacoustics; sound source localization; robot audition; HARK bird song; soundscape; ecoacoustics; sound source localization; robot audition; HARK

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Suzuki, R.; Hayashi, K.; Osaka, H.; Matsubayashi, S.; Arita, T.; Nakadai, K.; Okuno, H.G. Estimating the Soundscape Structure and Dynamics of Forest Bird Vocalizations in an Azimuth-Elevation Space Using a Microphone Array. Appl. Sci. 2023, 13, 3607. https://doi.org/10.3390/app13063607

AMA Style

Suzuki R, Hayashi K, Osaka H, Matsubayashi S, Arita T, Nakadai K, Okuno HG. Estimating the Soundscape Structure and Dynamics of Forest Bird Vocalizations in an Azimuth-Elevation Space Using a Microphone Array. Applied Sciences. 2023; 13(6):3607. https://doi.org/10.3390/app13063607

Chicago/Turabian Style

Suzuki, Reiji, Koichiro Hayashi, Hideki Osaka, Shiho Matsubayashi, Takaya Arita, Kazuhiro Nakadai, and Hiroshi G. Okuno. 2023. "Estimating the Soundscape Structure and Dynamics of Forest Bird Vocalizations in an Azimuth-Elevation Space Using a Microphone Array" Applied Sciences 13, no. 6: 3607. https://doi.org/10.3390/app13063607

APA Style

Suzuki, R., Hayashi, K., Osaka, H., Matsubayashi, S., Arita, T., Nakadai, K., & Okuno, H. G. (2023). Estimating the Soundscape Structure and Dynamics of Forest Bird Vocalizations in an Azimuth-Elevation Space Using a Microphone Array. Applied Sciences, 13(6), 3607. https://doi.org/10.3390/app13063607

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