A Hybrid Deep Learning Model for Multi-Station Classification and Passenger Flow Prediction
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methodology
2.1. Classification Block
2.1.1. Transformer Encoder
- (1)
- Normalization
- (2)
- Positional Encoding
- (3)
- Multi-head Attention
- (4)
- Residual Connection and Layer Normalization
- (5)
- Feed-Forward Network
- (6)
- The Output of the Transformer Encoder
2.1.2. K-Means
Algorithm 1: K-Means for station classification. |
2.2. Prediction Block
2.2.1. Spatial Feature Extraction
- (1)
- Inflow
- (2)
- Outflow
- (3)
- Physical Topology
- (4)
- Spatial Feature Fusion
2.2.2. Temporal Feature Extraction
3. Experiments
3.1. Data Description
3.2. Model Configuration
3.3. Evaluation Metrics
3.4. Experiment Results
3.4.1. Classification Results
3.4.2. Prediction Results in the Beijing Metro
3.4.3. Prediction Results in the Xiamen BRT
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Description | Beijing Metro | Xiamen BRT | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Train Timespan | 29/02/2016–04/03/2016 07/03/2016–11/03/2016 14/03/2016–18/03/2016 21/03/2016–25/03/2016 | 04/03/2019–08/03/2019 11/032019–15/03/2019 18/03/2019–22/03/2019 25/03/2019–29/03/2019 | ||||
Test Timespan | 28/03/2016–01/04/2016 | 01/04/2019–05/04/2019 | ||||
Week Number | 5 | 5 | ||||
Day Number | 25 | 25 | ||||
Daily Service Hours | 5:00 a.m.–11:00 p.m. | 5:00 a.m.–11:00 p.m. | ||||
Time Interval | 10 min | 15 min | 30 min | 10 min | 15 min | 30 min |
DS | 108 | 72 | 36 | 108 | 72 | 36 |
Total DS | 2700 | 1800 | 900 | 2700 | 1800 | 900 |
Line Number | 17 | 8 | ||||
Station Number | 276 | 44 |
Parameters | Transformer Encoder | K-Means |
---|---|---|
d_model | 2 × DS, 2 × days | |
Number of heads | 2 | |
K | 2–10 | |
Optimizer | Adam | |
Learning rate | 0.00004 |
Parameters | Inflow | Outflow | Physical Topology | Attention LSTM |
---|---|---|---|---|
Kernel Size | 3 × 3 | 3 × 3 | 3 × 3 | |
Residual Block 1 | 32 filters | 32 filters | 32 filters | |
Residual Block 2 | 64 filters | 64 filters | 64 filters | |
Batch Size | 64 | 64 | 64 | 64 |
Activation Function | Relu | Relu | Relu | Linear |
Number of Neurons in FC 1 | ||||
Number of Neurons in FC 2 | ||||
Number of Layers | 1 | |||
Number of Neurons (Neu) | 128 |
K | ASCR | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Xiamen BRT | Beijing Metro | |||||
10 min | 15 min | 30 min | 10 min | 15 min | 30 min | |
2 | 0.8 | 0.8 | 0.795 | 0.794 | 0.797 | 0.797 |
3 | 0.8 | 0.795 | 0.795 | 0.8 | 0.797 | 0.797 |
4 | 0.8 | 0.8 | 0.8 | 0.787 | 0.798 | 0.798 |
5 | 0.8 | 0.795 | 0.795 | 0.791 | 0.796 | 0.795 |
6 | 0.8 | 0.795 | 0.795 | 0.782 | 0.792 | 0.793 |
7 | 0.789 | 0.790 | 0.8 | 0.786 | 0.791 | 0.790 |
8 | 0.794 | 0.785 | 0.8 | 0.785 | 0.789 | 0.792 |
9 | 0.8 | 0.795 | 0.795 | 0.781 | 0.788 | 0.790 |
10 | 0.784 | 0.790 | 0.795 | 0.781 | 0.788 | 0.790 |
No. | Station Name | No. | Station Name | No. | Station Name | No. | Station Name |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 1st Wharf | 12 | Caitang | 23 | Dongzhai | 34 | Pantu |
2 | Kaihe Intersection | 13 | Jinshan | 24 | Tiancuo | 35 | Binhai Xincheng (Xike) Junction |
3 | Sibei | 14 | Municipal Administrative Service Center | 25 | Xiamen North Railway Station | 36 | Guanxun |
4 | Douxi Road | 15 | Shuangshi Middle School | 26 | Institute of Technovation | 37 | Light Industry and Food Park |
5 | Ershi | 16 | Xianhou | 27 | Gaoqi Airport | 38 | Sikouzhen |
6 | Jinbang Park | 17 | Airport Terminal 4 | 28 | Fenglin | 39 | Industrial Zone |
7 | Railway Station | 18 | Tan Kah Kee Stadium | 29 | Dong’an | 40 | 3rd Hospital |
8 | Lianban | 19 | Chengyi University College | 30 | Houtian | 41 | Chengnan |
9 | Longshanqiao | 20 | Huaqiao University | 31 | Dongting | 42 | Tong’an Junction |
10 | Wolong Xiaocheng | 21 | University Town | 32 | Meifeng | 43 | Hongwen |
11 | Dongfang Shanzhuang | 22 | Chinese Academy of Sciences | 33 | Caidian | 44 | Qianpu Junction |
Categories | Station No. | Number | Passenger Flow Volume |
---|---|---|---|
1 | 21, 22, 23, 24, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 37, 38, 40 | 17 | Small |
2 | 1, 9, 11, 17, 19, 20, 36, 39, 41, 42 | 10 | Medium |
3 | 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 43 | 7 | Medium |
4 | 10, 12, 13, 15, 16, 18 | 6 | Large |
No. | Deleted Station | Time Interval | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
10 min | 15 min | 30 min | ||
3 | Sibei | ✓ | ||
7 | Railway Station | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
14 | Municipal Administrative Service Center | ✓ | ✓ | |
25 | Xiamen North Railway Station | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
44 | Qianpu Junction | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
Time Interval | Prediction Mode | Metrics | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
MAE | RMSE | WMAPE | ||
10 min | Prediction (with classification) | 17.2781 | 29.6929 | 9.668% |
Prediction (w/o classification) | 17.6344 | 29.6219 | 9.911% | |
15 min | Prediction (with classification) | 22.1919 | 37.9693 | 8.269% |
Prediction (w/o classification) | 23.0008 | 38.7386 | 8.589% | |
30 min | Prediction (with classification) | 32.5245 | 58.1694 | 6.120% |
Prediction (w/o classification) | 34.1360 | 60.1340 | 6.428% |
Time Interval | Prediction Mode | Metrics | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
MAE | RMSE | WMAPE | ||
10 min | Prediction (with classification) | 9.2998 | 15.6633 | 18.58% |
Prediction (w/o classification) | 9.3990 | 16.0151 | 18.80% | |
15 min | Prediction (with classification) | 12.7193 | 22.2835 | 16.29% |
Prediction (w/o classification) | 12.7559 | 22.3270 | 16.33% | |
30 min | Prediction (with classification) | 23.0463 | 46.2256 | 14.26% |
Prediction (w/o classification) | 22.6983 | 47.2300 | 14.03% |
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Liu, L.; Wu, M.; Chen, R.-C.; Zhu, S.; Wang, Y. A Hybrid Deep Learning Model for Multi-Station Classification and Passenger Flow Prediction. Appl. Sci. 2023, 13, 2899. https://doi.org/10.3390/app13052899
Liu L, Wu M, Chen R-C, Zhu S, Wang Y. A Hybrid Deep Learning Model for Multi-Station Classification and Passenger Flow Prediction. Applied Sciences. 2023; 13(5):2899. https://doi.org/10.3390/app13052899
Chicago/Turabian StyleLiu, Lijuan, Mingxiao Wu, Rung-Ching Chen, Shunzhi Zhu, and Yan Wang. 2023. "A Hybrid Deep Learning Model for Multi-Station Classification and Passenger Flow Prediction" Applied Sciences 13, no. 5: 2899. https://doi.org/10.3390/app13052899
APA StyleLiu, L., Wu, M., Chen, R.-C., Zhu, S., & Wang, Y. (2023). A Hybrid Deep Learning Model for Multi-Station Classification and Passenger Flow Prediction. Applied Sciences, 13(5), 2899. https://doi.org/10.3390/app13052899