Research on Risk Assessment Method for Land Subsidence in Tangshan Based on Vulnerability Zoning
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. ArcGIS-Based Vulnerability Zoning of Ground Subsidence in Tangshan City
2.2. Ground Subsidence Hazard Assessment Methods
2.2.1. Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP)
2.2.2. Information Value Method
2.2.3. Analytic Hierarchy Process–Information Value Evaluation Model
3. Hazard Assessment Results for the Study Area
3.1. Construction of Hazard Assessment Index System for Ground Subsidence
3.1.1. Natural Factors
3.1.2. Engineering Factors
3.1.3. Inducing Factors
3.2. Evaluation of Ground Subsidence Hazard in the Study Area
3.2.1. Weight Calculation for Evaluation Indicators
3.2.2. Calculation of Information Value for Single Indicator
3.2.3. Results of Hazard Evaluation in the Study Area
4. Conclusions
- (1)
- Utilizing ArcGIS, a susceptibility zoning map of Tangshan City was generated by analyzing six key factors: the lithology, rainfall, population density, road network density, seismic acceleration, and river network density. A single-factor analysis was conducted, followed by spatial-overlay processing using ArcGIS to assign values and to classify each factor. The study area was determined based on the susceptibility zoning results, in conjunction with the distribution of historical subsidence areas and goaf areas in Tangshan City.
- (2)
- The indicator system for evaluating the ground subsidence hazard encompasses three levels: the evaluation objective, evaluation criteria, and evaluation indicators. The evaluation objective is the assessment of the urban ground subsidence hazard. The evaluation criteria are divided into three categories: natural factors, engineering factors, and triggering factors. The natural factors include the lithology, quaternary groundwater, geological faults, and distance-to-water systems. The engineering factors encompass the road loads, distribution of subsidence areas, distribution of goaf areas, and road network density. The triggering factors involve the rainfall, underground pipeline leakage, seismic liquefaction, and seismic acceleration. These twelve indicators constitute the evaluation indicator level.
- (3)
- The evaluation model for the ground subsidence hazard employed the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) in conjunction with the information value evaluation model. The AHP was utilized to determine the weights of individual hazard evaluation indicators, and the information value of each indicator was calculated. The products of the weights and information values were summed to obtain the total information value for the study area. The study area was subsequently classified into four levels of risk: high, moderate, relatively low, and low.
5. Discussion
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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No. | Data Type | Data Source |
---|---|---|
1 | DEM (Digital Elevation Model) data | GDEMV3 30M ASTGTMV003_N39E118 |
2 | Geological data | Geological Cloud, Tangshan City 1:200,000 Geological Map |
3 | Groundwater data | Geological cloud and well-logging monitoring data |
4 | Rainfall data | China Meteorological Station |
5 | Peak ground acceleration and seismic period | “Seismic Ground Motion Parameter Zoning Map of China” [36] (GB18306-2015) |
6 | Distribution of historical goaf (abandoned mining area after the completion of mining) subsidence areas in the main urban area | Detailed Comprehensive Disaster Prevention and Reduction Plan of Tangshan City |
7 | Distribution of subsidence areas, seismic liquefaction, and fault zones | Detailed Comprehensive Disaster Prevention and Reduction Plan of Tangshan City |
8 | Road data | Open street map website |
9 | Water system data | National Geographical Information Resource Catalog Service System |
10 | Collection of subsidence points in Tangshan City | Literature compilation, news reports |
11 | Study area map | Google Earth |
12 | Sentinel-1A | scihub.copernicus.eu |
13 | Precise orbit data | https://s1qc.asf.alaska.edu/aux_poeorb/ (access on 16 January 2022) |
14 | Road condition data | Field survey |
15 | Underground pipeline data | Tangshan City Urban Management Bureau |
Lithology | Value | Rainfall (mm) | Value |
---|---|---|---|
Hard carbonate rock, hard igneous rock | 1 | <110 | 1 |
Hard clastic rock, hard metamorphic rock | 2 | 110–250 | 2 |
Relatively hard clastic rock, cohesive soil | 3 | 250–325 | 3 |
Sandy soil | 4 | 325–500 | 4 |
Loess and loess-like soil | 5 | >500 | 5 |
Population Density (People/km2) | Value | Road Network Density (m⁻1) | Value |
---|---|---|---|
<340.69 | 1 | 0–1.78 | 1 |
340.69–496.58 | 2 | 1.78–4.63 | 2 |
496.58–635.15 | 3 | 4.63–9.61 | 3 |
635.15–1276.03 | 4 | 9.61–22.26 | 4 |
>1276.03 | 5 | >22.26 | 5 |
Earthquake Acceleration | Value | River Network Density (m−1) | Value |
---|---|---|---|
0.10 g | 1 | 0–0.32 | 1 |
0.15 g | 2 | 0.32–0.62 | 2 |
0.20 g | 3 | 0.62–0.98 | 3 |
0.30 g | 4 | 0.98–1.46 | 4 |
- | - | >1.46 | 5 |
Scale | Meaning | Scale | Meaning |
---|---|---|---|
1 | The impacts of Ui and Uj are much the same | 3 | Ui is slightly stronger than Uj |
5 | Ui is stronger than Uj | 7 | The effect of Ui on Uj is significantly stronger |
9 | The effect of Ui on Uj is obviously strong and reciprocal | 2, 4, 6, 8 | Intermediate value between adjacent scales, and the value of Ui is less important than that of Uj |
n | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
RI | 0 | 0 | 0.58 | 0.90 | 1.12 | 1.24 | 1.32 | 1.41 | 1.45 |
Stratigraphic-Rock-Type Classification | Value |
---|---|
Carbonate Soil, Gravely Soil | 1 |
Silty Clay, Loess | 2 |
Loess, Colluvium | 3 |
Sandy Soil | 4 |
Station Number | Longitude | Latitude | Groundwater Level (m) | Well Depth (m) |
---|---|---|---|---|
130201210446 | 118.23 | 39.7 | 10.07 | 208 |
130200210377 | 118.21 | 39.69 | 13.28 | 63 |
130201210458 | 118.19 | 39.68 | 9.9 | 47 |
130200210381 | 118.20 | 39.65 | 13.63 | 115 |
130200210408 | 118.21 | 39.63 | 13.14 | 53 |
130200210384 | 118.20 | 39.63 | 27.5 | 180 |
130200210383 | 118.19 | 39.63 | 21.74 | 68 |
130200210380 | 118.17 | 39.65 | 11.12 | 48 |
130200210441 | 118.16 | 39.65 | 32.01 | 80 |
130200210409 | 118.16 | 39.66 | 33.71 | 159 |
130200210378 | 118.15 | 39.64 | 28.59 | 143 |
130200210433 | 118.17 | 39.62 | 23.14 | 92 |
130200210419 | 118.24 | 39.62 | 9.69 | 82 |
130200210457 | 118.13 | 39.58 | 12.62 | 296 |
Distance to Water | Value |
---|---|
>300 m | 1 |
200–300 m | 2 |
100–200 m | 3 |
0–100 m | 4 |
Road Network Density (m−1) | Value |
---|---|
0–10.86 | 1 |
10.86–21.39 | 2 |
21.39–34.56 | 3 |
34.56–49.38 | 4 |
>49.38 | 5 |
Rainfall (mm) | Value |
---|---|
<180 mm | 1 |
180–210 mm | 2 |
210–230 mm | 3 |
>230 mm | 4 |
No. | Road Name | Pipeline Type | Value |
---|---|---|---|
1 | Xinhuan Road | Electricity, communication, water supply, heating, sewage pipes severely damaged | 5 |
2 | Nanxin Road | Electricity, communication, water supply, and a few pipes damaged | 3 |
3 | BeixinRoad | Electricity, communication, water supply, heating, sewage pipes severely damaged | 5 |
4 | Jianshe South Road | Electricity, communication, water supply, multiple drainage pipes damaged | 5 |
5 | College south Road | Electricity, communication, water supply, heating, multiple stormwater pipes damaged | 4 |
6 | Jianhua Road | No electricity, heating, drainage, or pipe damage | 1 |
7 | Longze Road | Electricity, communication, water supply pipes, minor pipes damaged | 3 |
8 | Hexi Road | Electricity pipeline | 2 |
9 | Binhe Road | Electricity, communication, water supply, reclaimed water, gas, sewage pipes severely damaged | 5 |
10 | Dacheng Road | Electricity, communication, water supply, heating, gas pipelines in need of renovation | 3 |
11 | Zensheng Road | Electricity, communication, water supply, heating, sewage pipes severely damaged | 5 |
12 | Other Roads | A few pipes damaged | 1 |
Peak Acceleration | 0.10 g | 0.20 g | 0.40 g | 0.5 g |
---|---|---|---|---|
Seismic Design Intensity | Level Ⅶ | Level Ⅷ | Level Ⅸ | Level Ⅹ |
Dynamic Peak Values of Earthquake Acceleration | Value |
---|---|
0.20 g | 1 |
0.30 g | 2 |
Influencing Factor | Geological Condition | Engineering Condition | Inducing Factor | Eigenvector | Weight |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Geological condition | 1 | 1/2 | 1/2 | 0.333 | 0.2 |
Engineering condition | 2 | 1 | 1 | 0.667 | 0.4 |
Inducing factor | 2 | 1 | 1 | 0.667 | 0.4 |
Influencing Factor | Stratigraphic Lithology | Geological Structure | Quaternary Groundwater | Distance to Water | Eigenvector | Weight |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Stratigraphic lithology | 1 | 1/2 | 1/3 | 2 | 0.2694 | 0.157 |
Geological structure | 2 | 1 | 1/2 | 3 | 0.4667 | 0.272 |
Quaternary groundwater | 3 | 2 | 1 | 5 | 0.8287 | 0.481 |
Distance to water | 1/2 | 1/3 | 1/5 | 1 | 0.1513 | 0.090 |
Influencing Factor | Road Load | Subsidence Area | Goaf Area | Road Network Density | Eigenvector | Weight |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Road load | 1 | 1/2 | 1 | 3 | 0.4159 | 0.234 |
Subsidence area | 2 | 1 | 2 | 5 | 0.7956 | 0.448 |
Goaf area | 1 | 1/2 | 1 | 3 | 0.4159 | 0.234 |
Road network density | 1/3 | 1/5 | 1/3 | 1 | 0.1453 | 0.084 |
Influencing Factor | Rainfall Action | Pipeline Leakage | Seismic Liquefaction | Earthquake Acceleration | Eigenvector | Weight |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Rainfall action | 1 | 1/2 | 2 | 3 | 0.4667 | 0.272 |
Pipeline leakage | 2 | 1 | 3 | 5 | 0.8287 | 0.482 |
Seismic liquefaction | 1/2 | 1/3 | 1 | 2 | 0.2694 | 0.157 |
Earthquake acceleration | 1/3 | 1/5 | 1/2 | 1 | 0.1513 | 0.089 |
Influencing Factor | Geological Condition | Engineering Condition | Inducing Factor | Factor Weight |
---|---|---|---|---|
0.2 | 0.4 | 0.4 | ||
Stratigraphic Lithology | 0.157 | 0 | 0 | 0.0314 |
Geological structure | 0.272 | 0 | 0 | 0.0544 |
Quaternary groundwater | 0.481 | 0 | 0 | 0.0962 |
Distance to water | 0.090 | 0 | 0 | 0.018 |
Road load | 0 | 0.234 | 0 | 0.0936 |
Subsidence area | 0 | 0.448 | 0 | 0.1792 |
Goaf area | 0 | 0.234 | 0 | 0.0936 |
Road network density | 0 | 0.084 | 0 | 0.0336 |
Rainfall action | 0 | 0 | 0.272 | 0.1088 |
Pipeline leakage | 0 | 0 | 0.482 | 0.1928 |
Seismic liquefaction | 0 | 0 | 0.157 | 0.0628 |
Earthquake acceleration | 0 | 0 | 0.089 | 0.0356 |
Influencing Factor | Classification Index | Reclassification | Ni | Si (m2) | Information Quantity Value (Ii) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Stratigraphic lithology | Sandy soil | 4 | 1922 | 1,729,800 | 0.224698523 |
Loess, shale | 3 | 216,005 | 194,404,500 | 0.204508631 | |
Clayey soil rock | 2 | 63,457 | 57,111,300 | −1.096280969 | |
Hard carbonate rock | 1 | 4839 | 4,355,100 | 0.112548736 | |
Quaternary groundwater | <10 | 3 | 35,799 | 32,219,100 | −0.523901308 |
10–15 | 2 | 196,691 | 177,021,900 | −1.129003029 | |
>15 | 1 | 53,715 | 48,343,500 | 1.321618158 | |
Fault layer distribution | 0–40 m | 5 | 204,612 | 184,150,800 | −1.57394967 |
40–80 m | 4 | 15,329 | 13,796,100 | 1.017419373 | |
80–120 m | 3 | 18,823 | 16,940,700 | 0.812086306 | |
120–160 m | 2 | 30,571 | 27,513,900 | 1.579876954 | |
>160 m | 1 | 16,870 | 15,183,000 | −0.464665425 | |
Subsidence area distribution | Severe collapse | 4 | 128,522 | 4,649,400 | 2.510626579 |
More serious collapse | 3 | 51,,93 | 3,413,700 | 2.126420831 | |
Light collapse | 2 | 77,815 | 36,334,800 | 0.965414422 | |
No collapse | 1 | 55,489 | 213,210,900 | −1.027234986 | |
Road network density | 49.38–83.94 | 5 | 23,773 | 21,395,700 | 1.590209273 |
34.56–49.38 | 4 | 29,819 | 26,837,100 | 0.757478178 | |
21.39–34.56 | 3 | 46,497 | 41,847,300 | −0.09222895 | |
10.86–21.39 | 2 | 87,516 | 78,764,400 | −0.501519238 | |
0–10.86 | 1 | 98,598 | 88,738,200 | −2.230186494 | |
Road load | >15 | 4 | 2495 | 2,245,500 | 1.446575754 |
10–15 | 3 | 48,150 | 43,335,000 | −0.127162294 | |
5–10 | 2 | 104,496 | 94,046,400 | 0.276665048 | |
0–5 | 1 | 131,062 | 117,955,800 | −0.317581433 | |
Goaf areadistribution | Goaf area | 2 | 34,378 | 30,940,200 | −0.483240955 |
Non-goaf area | 1 | 251,872 | 226,684,800 | 0.050983492 | |
Pipeline leakage | Serious leakage | 5 | 4380 | 3,942,000 | 0.965842187 |
More serious leakage | 4 | 3667 | 3,300,300 | −0.238577502 | |
Partial leakage | 3 | 2660 | 2,934,000 | −1.266627947 | |
Less leakage | 2 | 37,320 | 33,588,000 | 0.159987053 | |
Basically no leakage | 1 | 215,071 | 193,563,900 | 0.215478965 | |
Distance to water | 0–100 m | 4 | 24,109 | 21,698,100 | −0.821629891 |
100–200 m | 3 | 22,431 | 20,187,900 | −0.056341426 | |
200–300 m | 2 | 21,230 | 19,107,000 | 0 | |
>400 m | 1 | 218,459 | 196,613,100 | 0.1524108 | |
Rainfall | >230 mm | 4 | 57,759 | 51,983,100 | −0.596519434 |
210–230 mm | 3 | 72,858 | 65,572,200 | 0.84522384 | |
180–210 mm | 2 | 79,152 | 71,236,800 | −0.218463126 | |
<180 mm | 1 | 76,515 | 68,863,500 | −1.28319216 | |
Earthquake acceleration | 0.3 g | 2 | 188,356 | 169,520,400 | 0.30066139 |
0.20 g | 1 | 97,869 | 88,082,100 | −1.124076212 | |
Seismic liquefaction | Liquefaction zone | 2 | 26,311 | 23,679,900 | −0.909049248 |
Non-liquefied region | 1 | 259,913 | 233,921,700 | 0.058687433 |
Hazard Level | Low Hazard | Relatively Low Hazard | Moderate Hazard | High Hazard |
---|---|---|---|---|
Information Value | −0.808~−0.426 | −0.426~−0.109 | −0.109~0.293 | 0.293~1.028 |
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Qi, Y.; Bai, M.; Song, L.; Wang, Q.; Tian, G.; Wang, C. Research on Risk Assessment Method for Land Subsidence in Tangshan Based on Vulnerability Zoning. Appl. Sci. 2023, 13, 12678. https://doi.org/10.3390/app132312678
Qi Y, Bai M, Song L, Wang Q, Tian G, Wang C. Research on Risk Assessment Method for Land Subsidence in Tangshan Based on Vulnerability Zoning. Applied Sciences. 2023; 13(23):12678. https://doi.org/10.3390/app132312678
Chicago/Turabian StyleQi, Yanli, Mingzhou Bai, Linlin Song, Qihao Wang, Gang Tian, and Chen Wang. 2023. "Research on Risk Assessment Method for Land Subsidence in Tangshan Based on Vulnerability Zoning" Applied Sciences 13, no. 23: 12678. https://doi.org/10.3390/app132312678
APA StyleQi, Y., Bai, M., Song, L., Wang, Q., Tian, G., & Wang, C. (2023). Research on Risk Assessment Method for Land Subsidence in Tangshan Based on Vulnerability Zoning. Applied Sciences, 13(23), 12678. https://doi.org/10.3390/app132312678