The Relationship between Dietary Intake and Adiposity in South African Female Adolescents: A Systematic Review
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Method
2.1. Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria
2.2. Search Strategy
2.3. Definition of Terms
- Adiposity is an increase in body fat. This could be total body fat as indicated by BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2, central fat (WHR > 0.8 or WC > 88 cm), and fat deposits and accumulation in other regions of the body [4].
- Obesity is a state of being excessively overweight classified according to WHO Reference 2007 (5–19 years) BMI-for-age, where the +2 SD (equivalent to the 97th centile) coincides at 19 years with the adult’s cut-off of BMI = 30 kg/m2 [12].
- Nutrient intake or dietary intake or dietary patterns are used to refer to the combinations, amounts, variety, and frequency of different foods, beverage, and nutrients habitually consumed by an individual [13].
- Dietary practice refers to preference in food consumption or behaviours related to the ways in which individuals consume food, which can be classified as good or poor dietary practices [14].
2.4. Selection Process and Data Extraction
2.5. Data Analysis
3. Results
Reference | Objective of Study | Study Population | No. of Subjects | Results | Observed Trends | Statistical Significance | Factors Implicated in Dietary/ Nutrient/Practice and Adiposity Link | Factors Corrected for in the Study |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pisa, Pedro, Kahn et al., 2015 [16] | To identify and explain the association between dietary diversity and socio-demographic factors, lifestyle factors, and BMI in rural black South African adolescents. | Adolescents aged between 11 and 15 years in Agincourt sub-district of Mpumalanga Province, South Africa | n = 388 | A positive and significant association was observed between BMI-for-age and animal driven nutrients, characterized by high positive loadings of nutrients from animal derived sources. No significant associations were observed between BMI-for-age Z scores and vitamins, fibre, vegetable oil nutrients, and plant derived nutrients. | Single mothers of adolescents, aged between 35 and 49 years were positively and significantly associated with a high intake of animal driven nutrients, while being in the lowest SES status tercile was negatively associated with the intake of animal driven nutrients. | p ≤ 0.05 | High animal driven nutrients were associated with increase in BMI for age Z scores. | Physical activity; educational level of mother. |
Sedibe, Pisa, Feeley et al., 2018 [17] | To examine the existence of differences and/or similarities in the dietary practices of rural and urban adolescents in specific environments and their links with overweight and obesity. | The rural population was taken from Agincourt, a sub-district of Bushbuckridge, in the Mpumalanga province and the urban adolescent population was from Soweto, in Johannesburg, South African. | n = 3490 | Being from a rural setting was associated with a reduction in the risk of overweight and obesity among early-adolescents, while eating the main meal with family some days, and almost every day, and an irregular breakfast consumption on weekdays; were associated with increased risk of being overweight and obese. Irregular breakfast consumption on weekends among mid-adolescents was associated with an increased risk of being overweight and obese. | An increase in the frequency of irregular breakfast consumption during the week and weekends and eating the main meal with family “some days” and “almost every day”, was associated with an increases risk of overweight and obesity | p ≤ 0.05 | Breakfast, main meal with/without family, urban setting | Gender |
Feeley, Musenge, Pettifor et al., 2012 [18] | To assess the relationship between dietary habits, change in socio-economic status and obesity (BMI and fat mass) in adolescents. | Black participants aged 13, 15, and 17 years participating in the Birth to Twenty (Bt20) study, living in Soweto-Johannesburg. | n = 1298 | A positive association was found between irregular breakfast consumption on weekends and obesity. | Increase in frequency of irregular breakfast consumption on weekends was associated with an increase in obesity. | p < 0.05 | Irregular breakfast consumption on weekends | Household assets. |
Debeila, Modjadji and Madiba, 2021 [19] | To determine the prevalence of overweight/obesity and the association with selected factors amongst adolescents in rural high schools. | Adolescents from high schools at Fetakgomo Municipality in rural Limpopo Province, South Africa. | n = 378 | Overweight and obesity amongst adolescent girls was associated with the number of employed adults in the household, age, and sex, while eating breakfast reduced the risk. | Being an older adolescent girl, and living in a household with employed adults was associated with overweight/obesity. The overall overweight/obesity prevalence in this study was higher than the national range of 8.6–27.0% amongst adolescents aged 15–19 years reported by the United Nations Children’s Fund. | p < 0.05 | Eating breakfast, energy-dense and nutrient-poor (mainly based on starches). | |
Kruger, Kruger and Macintyre, 2006 [20] | To investigate overweight status according to BMI and body fat percentage and identify the determinants of overweight and obesity among adolescent schoolchildren in a population in transition. | Schoolchildren aged 10- to 15-years in the North West Province, South Africa. | n = 1257 | Prevalence was higher in female white children, in urban areas, living in smaller households, and parents with low- or high-income occupations. Inactivity and increasing age in girls were found to be influential in the development of overweight/obesity. Being a female of post-menarche age was identified as a determinant of higher body fat content | Low activity levels, living in urban areas (towns/cities or informal settlements close to towns/cities) were associated with increases in overweight or obesity. There was also an association between exposure to a Western, urbanised lifestyle and an increase in the prevalence of obesity. | p < 0.05 | Consuming more fat for energy per day. High intake of cereal- or starch-based staple foods (maize meal, bread, rice), empty-kilojoule snack foods (cheese curls) and cold drinks, and low consumption of nutrient-dense foods (milk, meat, fruit, vegetables). | |
Napier and Oldewage-Theron, 2015 [21] | To ascertain the food intake practices and nutritional status of female adolescents (14–18 year) and young women post school (19–28 years). | Adolescent girls (aged 14 to 18 years) and young women (aged 19 to 28) post-school living in informal settlements in the eThekwini municipal district, Durban, province of KwaZulu Natal. | n = 523 (adolescent girls n =156) | Of the adolescent girls, 43% were classified as possibly at risk of overweight, 12.8% were classified as overweight, and 1.9% were classified as obese. The diet consumed by the adolescents was reportedly low in dairy, fruit, and vegetables. As a result, nutrients for calcium in 27.6%, vitamin A in 70.9%, vitamin C in 46.7%, and Iron in 42.3% of the sample did not meet the Estimated Average Requirement (EA) for their age group. In addition, large number of the adolescents had inadequate intakes of energy (89,1%), and total dietary fibre (93.6%), and 25% of the adolescents had inadequate protein intake. | High consumption of the carbohydrate-rich and sugary food with a low milk, legume, vegetable, and fruit consumption. | p < 0.05 | High carbohydrate-rich and sugary food intake, and low milk, legume, vegetable, and fruit consumption. | Age |
Kruger, Margetts and Vorster, 2004 [22] | To examine if any differences in body weight, subcutaneous skinfold thicknesses, and waist circumferences (body composition) exist between stunted and non-stunted girls. | African adolescent girls, of school going age (10 to 15 years), in the North West Province, South Africa | n = 478 | As a result of the high energy consumption, stunted girls had higher triceps skinfold (TSF) and subscapular skinfold thicknesses (SSF) compared to non-stunted girls. The TSF and SSF levels among the stunted adolescents were found to increase with increase in age. | At a given energy intake and level of physical activity, stunted adolescent girls were found to store more body fat than non-stunted girls, which increased for each year of ages. | p < 0.05 | Stunted girls had a higher dietary energy and macronutrient intakes, and the percentage contribution of each macronutrient per kilogram of body weight; however, it has been proposed that stunted children have lower energy requirements and should have lower total energy intakes than non-stunted children. | Adjustments for confounding factors such as dietary intake and physical activity. |
4. Discussion
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Vilakazi, N.; Mathunjwa, S.; Legodi, H.; Pisa, P.T. The Relationship between Dietary Intake and Adiposity in South African Female Adolescents: A Systematic Review. Appl. Sci. 2023, 13, 10813. https://doi.org/10.3390/app131910813
Vilakazi N, Mathunjwa S, Legodi H, Pisa PT. The Relationship between Dietary Intake and Adiposity in South African Female Adolescents: A Systematic Review. Applied Sciences. 2023; 13(19):10813. https://doi.org/10.3390/app131910813
Chicago/Turabian StyleVilakazi, Nokuthula, Sithabile Mathunjwa, Heather Legodi, and Pedro Terrence Pisa. 2023. "The Relationship between Dietary Intake and Adiposity in South African Female Adolescents: A Systematic Review" Applied Sciences 13, no. 19: 10813. https://doi.org/10.3390/app131910813
APA StyleVilakazi, N., Mathunjwa, S., Legodi, H., & Pisa, P. T. (2023). The Relationship between Dietary Intake and Adiposity in South African Female Adolescents: A Systematic Review. Applied Sciences, 13(19), 10813. https://doi.org/10.3390/app131910813