Study on Power Frequency Breakdown Characteristics of Nano-TiO2 Modified Transformer Oil under Severe Cold Conditions
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Experiment
2.1. Sample Preparation
2.1.1. Preparation of the TiO2 Nanomodified Transformer Oil Sample
2.1.2. Preparation of Oil Samples with Different Moisture Contents and Temperatures
2.2. Experimental Platform Building
2.3. Test Method and Procedure
- Select the type of electrode and adjust the electrode spacing to the standard distance of 2.5 mm.
- Pour the test oil sample quickly into the oil cup, adjust the position of the magnetic stirring rod on the inner wall of the oil cup, and close the top cover of the oil cup and the electrostatic shielding cover.
- Select the test standard and set the frequency to 61.8 Hz for alternating current. Gradually increase the voltage with a step size of 2 kV/s until breakdown occurs in the oil gap.
- Allow the sample to stand for 2 min. During this resting time, stir the oil sample using the magnetic stirring rod. Repeat the breakdown test 12 times and take the average value.
3. Experimental Results and Analysis
3.1. Effect of Temperature on the Breakdown Voltage of Nanomodified Transformer Oil
3.2. Effect of Water Content on the Breakdown Characteristics of Oil in the Nanotransformer
3.3. Effect of Electric Field Type on the Breakdown Voltage of Transformer Oil
3.4. Effect of Nanomaterials on the Dispersion of Breakdown Voltage in Transformer Oils
4. Simulation
4.1. Two-Dimensional Model of the Electrostatic Field
4.2. Physical Field Control Equations
4.2.1. Electrostatic Field Control Equations
4.2.2. Particle Tracking Control Equations for Fluid Flow
5. Simulation Results and Analysis
5.1. Simulation Results of a Pair of Spherical Cap Electrodes
5.2. Simulation Results of the Sphere-to-Plate Electrode
5.3. Simulation of the Effect of Nanoparticles on Charged Particles
6. Conclusions
- Low concentrations of nanoparticles can improve the quality of transformer oil, but the enhancement of breakdown voltage is not significant. On the other hand, high concentrations of nanoparticles not only fail to improve the quality of transformer oil but also reduce the breakdown voltage. Analysis of the experimental results revealed that the current stage’s appropriate choice was a concentration of 0.01 g/L of TiO2 nanoparticles, which could significantly improve the breakdown voltage of transformer oil without significantly compromising its quality.
- The relationship curve between the breakdown voltage absolute value of TiO2 nanomodified transformer oil and temperature exhibited a “V” or “U” shape. Within the range of −30 °C to 30 °C, the breakdown voltage of the nanofluid was higher than that of pure oil, but the amplitude of improvement compared to pure oil was the smallest around −10 °C to 0 °C. Within the range of 0 °C to 30 °C, the breakdown voltage of the nanofluid increased with temperature, and the amplitude of improvement compared to pure oil also increased. Within the range of −30 °C to 0 °C, the breakdown voltage of the nanofluid increased with decreasing temperature, and the amplitude of improvement compared to pure oil also increased. Within the temperature range of −30 °C to −10 °C, the breakdown voltage could be increased by 13% to 15%; within the range of −10 °C to 0 °C, it could be increased by 8% to 9%; within the range of 0 °C to 30 °C, it could be increased by 18% to 21%.
- The moisture content had a significant impact on the breakdown voltage of TiO2-nanomodified transformer oil: the higher the moisture content, the lower the breakdown voltage. Regardless of whether the moisture content was high or low, the breakdown voltage of nanofluids was higher than that of pure oil, and the lowest breakdown voltage occurred at 0 °C. Compared to oil samples with low moisture content, when the moisture content is high, within the experimental temperature range, nanofluids exhibited a smaller amplitude of breakdown voltage enhancement compared to pure oil; however, the percentage enhancement was greater.
- Regardless of whether TiO2 nanomodified transformer oil or pure oil was used, the breakdown voltage under non-uniform electric fields was lower than that under slightly non-uniform electric fields. However, the breakdown voltage of pure oil exhibited instability under non-uniform electric fields, and the dispersion of breakdown voltage could be significantly reduced by adding TiO2 nanoparticles.
- The simulation results indicated that the addition of nanoparticles led to a certain adsorption effect on charged particles and facilitates their low-rate movement while carrying them. This validates the mechanism of nanomaterials enhancing the breakdown voltage of transformer oil, which is attributed to the hindrance of nanoparticle particles on the directed motion of charged particles in the oil. However, it should be noted that the model in this paper was established on the basis of numerous approximations and assumptions, and further research is needed to validate the specific mechanism.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
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Qin, C.; Huang, Y.; Liu, L.; Liang, H.; Shang, J.; Xue, Y. Study on Power Frequency Breakdown Characteristics of Nano-TiO2 Modified Transformer Oil under Severe Cold Conditions. Appl. Sci. 2023, 13, 9656. https://doi.org/10.3390/app13179656
Qin C, Huang Y, Liu L, Liang H, Shang J, Xue Y. Study on Power Frequency Breakdown Characteristics of Nano-TiO2 Modified Transformer Oil under Severe Cold Conditions. Applied Sciences. 2023; 13(17):9656. https://doi.org/10.3390/app13179656
Chicago/Turabian StyleQin, Chunxu, Yongxiang Huang, Liqiang Liu, Huijuan Liang, Jiafeng Shang, and Yunpeng Xue. 2023. "Study on Power Frequency Breakdown Characteristics of Nano-TiO2 Modified Transformer Oil under Severe Cold Conditions" Applied Sciences 13, no. 17: 9656. https://doi.org/10.3390/app13179656
APA StyleQin, C., Huang, Y., Liu, L., Liang, H., Shang, J., & Xue, Y. (2023). Study on Power Frequency Breakdown Characteristics of Nano-TiO2 Modified Transformer Oil under Severe Cold Conditions. Applied Sciences, 13(17), 9656. https://doi.org/10.3390/app13179656